Class 3 - Infectious Disease

Question 1

What are the 2 basic objectives that all living creatures share in life?

Answer 1

1) Survival

2) Reproduction

Question 2

Illnesses caused by the invasion of the human body by pathogen and microorganisms can produce harmful and potentially lethal consequences.

Answer 2

Infectious Diseases

Question 3

Organisms so small they are invisible to the naked eye and can only be seen with a microscope. They can be pathogens or non-pathogens.

Answer 3

Microorganisms

Question 4

T/F - All microbes are microorganisms, but not all microorganisms are microbes.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

The presence and multiplication within a host of another living organism with subsequent injury to the host.

Answer 5

Infection

Question 6

The ability of an organism to enter, multiply, and survive in a host.

Answer 6

Infectivity

Question 7

Any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another organism. For example, humans supporting the growth of microorganisms.

Answer 7

Host

Question 8

The act of establishing a presence within a host.

Answer 8

Colonization

Question 9

The degree of pathogenicity or disease producing potential of an invading organism.

Answer 9

Virulence

Question 10

An organism so virulent that it is rarely found in the absence of disease.

Answer 10

Pathogen

Question 11

A multitude of non-harmful bacteria inhabiting the internal and external exposed surfaces of the human body.

Answer 11

Microflora

Question 12

Free living organisms that obtain nutrition from dead or decaying organic materials in the environment.

Answer 12

Saprophytes

Question 13

An organism which produces an infectious disease only when the health and immunity of the host has been severely compromised.

Answer 13

Opportunistic Pathogen

Question 14

What are the 3 types of interactions between host and the colonizing microorganisms?

Answer 14

1) Commensalism
2) Mutualism
3) Parasitic

Question 15

A type of interaction where the colonizing organism benefits and the host is not adversely affected by it.

Answer 15

Commensalism

Question 16

Locations of ____________ in the human body include:

• Skin
• Nose/Pharynx
• Mouth
• Colon/Rectum
• Vagina/Distal Urethra/Perineum

Answer 16

Microflora (Commensal Flora, Normal Flora & Resident Microbiotica)

Question 17

A type of interaction where the colonizing organism and the host both derive benefits.

Answer 17

Mutualism

Question 18

A type of interaction where the colonizing organism benefits and the host gains nothing or sustains injury.

Answer 18

Parasitic

Question 19

Protein particles that lack any kind of demonstrable genetic material and they are mutated forms of a normal host protein. They may affect other normal proteins and alter them.

Answer 19

Prions

Question 20

Prions aggregate in the _____ and form _______.

Answer 20

Brain

Plaques

Question 21

What are 3 incurable and transmissible degenerative neurological diseases prions have been identified in?

Answer 21

1) Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
2) Kuru
3) Mad Cow Disease

Question 22

T/F - Defective proteins known as a prions are not inherited.

Answer 22

False - Defective proteins known as a prions MAY BE inherited.

Question 23

Cannibalism has also been implicated as a transmission mechanism of ______.

Answer 23

Prions

Question 24

It is hypothesized that humans can acquire prions by eating animals that are infected by a prion disease like ____________.

Answer 24

Mad Cow Disease

Question 25

Because prions lack reproductive and metabolic functions, the current antimicrobial agents are useless against them. Therefore, treatment is __________.

Answer 25

Palliative

Question 26

________________ neurological diseases are characterized by the following: - Slowly progressive - Non-inflammatory neuronal degeneration - Lead to loss of coordination (ataxia), dementia, & death - Ranging from months to years

Answer 26

Transmissible Degenerative

Question 27

Name 4 agents of infection that meet the following criteria: - Combine the characteristics of viruses and bacteria - Are obligate intracellular pathogens like viruses - Most produce a rigid peptidoglycan cell wall, reproduce asexually, and contain RNA/DNA like bacteria

Answer 27

1) Rickettsia 2) Chlamydia 3) Coxiella 4) Mycoplasma

Question 28

Tiny gram negative bacteria that live inside a host cell (obligate intracellular parasites) and they are transmitted by insect vectors.

Answer 28

Rickettsia

Question 29

Which agent of infection can cause disease like typhus and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, as well as a typical rash and small hemorrhages.

Answer 29

Rickettsia

Question 30

A primitive organism related to bacteria that lack many of the enzymes needed for metabolic processes. Transmitted directly between susceptible vertebrates without an intermediate arthropod host.

Answer 30

Chlamydia

Question 31

It causes and very common sexually transmitted infection, which can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility in women. Infants born to infected mothers can develop eye infections and pneumonia.

Answer 31

Chlamydia

Question 32

Infects a variety of animals and in humans, produces an illness called Q fever.

Answer 32

Coxiella

Question 33

An illness caused by coxiella that presents with flu-like symptoms and cause progress to become systemic, affecting the heart, lungs, and GI.

Answer 33

Q Fever

Question 34

Capable of independent replication and commonly cause pneumonia. These organisms lack a cell wall, and therefore they are no affected by antimicrobial drugs.

Answer 34

Mycoplasmas

Question 35

Free living eukaryotic saprophytes found in every habitat on earth and some are part of the normal human microflora. Few are capable of causing disease in human, and most of these are limited infections of skin and subcutaneous tissue.

Answer 35

Fungi

Question 36

A harmless fungus normally present on the skin. It may cause infection in the oral cavity and is a common cause of vaginal infection.

Answer 36

Candida

Question 37

T/F - Candida can become opportunistic in immunosuppressed patients.

Answer 37

True

Question 38

What are the 2 types of fungi?

Answer 38

1) Yeast | 2) Molds

Question 39

A type of fungi that are single celled organisms about the size of red bloods cells. They reproduce asexually through a budding process.

Answer 39

Yeast

Question 40

A type of fungi that grows in long filaments called hyphae.

Answer 40

Molds

Question 41

Yeasts and molds can reproduce disease in humans only if they grow at the __________ of the infected body site.

Answer 41

Temperature

Question 42

Yeasts and molds produce a rigid cell wall layer that is chemically unrelated to the peptidoglycan of bacteria, and is therefore not susceptible to the effects of ________.

Answer 42

Antibiotics

Question 43

A fungal infection resulting in a scaly rash that is contagious and is treated by over the counter medications.

Answer 43

Athletes Foot

Question 44

Designate members of the animal kingdom that infect and cause disease in other animals.

Answer 44

Parasites

Question 45

The following are all examples of _________: - Protozoa - Helminths - Arthropods

Answer 45

Parasites

Question 46

A type of parasite classified as unicellular eukaryotes that may reproduce sexually or asexually and most are saprophytes. Some are pathogenic to humans and produce diseases, such as malaria. Transmission is from host to host sexually or indirectly.

Answer 46

Protozoa

Question 47

A type of parasite commonly referred to as worms that reproduces sexually. Transmission is via ingestion of fertilized eggs or the penetration of roundworms, tapeworms, and/or flukes through the skin.

Answer 47

Helminths

Question 48

A type of parasite known as vectors of disease, such as ticks, mosquitos, biting flies, lice, fleas and/or mites. They infest the external body surfaces and cause localized tissue damage or secondary inflammation. Transmission is via direct contact.

Answer 48

Arthropods

Question 49

The study of factors, events, and circumstances that influence the transmission of infectious disease in human populations. Ultimate goal is the interruption of the spread of infectious disease and its eradication.

Answer 49

Epidemiology

Question 50

____________ focus on: - Incidence of disease - Prevalence of disease - Source of infection - Portal of entry - Site of infection - Virulence factors - Signs and symptoms - Clinical course of a disease

Answer 50

Epidemiology

Question 51

Refers to the host, object, location, or substance from which an infectious agent is acquired and involves different modes of transmission.

Answer 51

Source of Infection

Question 52

A mode of transmission acquired from the host's own microbial flora, as in the case of opportunistic infection.

Answer 52

Endogenous

Question 53

A mode of transmission acquired from sources in the external environment, such as water, food, soil, and air.

Answer 53

Exogenous

Question 54

Transmission of illness from mother to child during gestation is an example of a ________ infection.

Answer 54

Congenital

Question 55

A mode of transmission occurring from transfer of microbes by physical contact, which can be direct or indirect.

Answer 55

Contact Transmission

Question 56

A mode of transmission occurring when microbes are spread across a short distance (less than 1 metre) by droplets. This happens after someone sneezes or coughs.

Answer 56

Droplet Transmission

Question 57

A mode of transmission occurring when microbes are transmitted by air currents across long distances (more than 1 metre) and are carried on evaporated droplets or dust particles.

Answer 57

Airborne Transmission

Question 58

A mode of transmission in which animals or biting arthropods transmit microbes to humans.

Answer 58

Vector Born Transmission

Question 59

A mode of transmission occurring when infection is transmitted by a contaminated source, such as food, water, medication, invasive medical equipment, and/or bodily fluids.

Answer 59

Vehicle Born Transmission

Question 60

Type of infection acquired during hospitalization or from a health care facility.

Answer 60

Nosocomial Infections (Hospital Acquired Infections)

Question 61

Type of infection acquired outside of health care settings.

Answer 61

Community Acquired Infections

Question 62

The process by which a pathogen enters the body and gains access to susceptible tissue.

Answer 62

Portal of Entry

Question 63

A term referring to any disruption in the integrity of the body's surface barrier (skin or mucous membrane) creating a potential site for invasion.

Answer 63

Penetration

Question 64

__________ creating a potential site for invasion can happen from: - Abrasions, burns, penetrating wounds - Medical procedures - Primary infectious processes producing surface lesions - Arthropod bite

Answer 64

Penetration

Question 65

When pathogens are transmitted directly from infected tissue or secretions to exposed, intact mucous membranes.

Answer 65

Direct Contact

Question 66

______ contact includes: - Sexual contact - Congenital infections

Answer 66

Direct

Question 67

A type of infection when a pathogen crosses the placenta to infect a fetus during birth when the baby comes in contact with infected vaginal secretions.

Answer 67

Congenital Infections

Question 68

A term referring to the entry of an infectious agent through the oral cavity and GI tract. Could involve contaminated food/water or happen through breast feeding.

Answer 68

Ingestion

Question 69

A term referring to the entry of an infectious agent through the respiratory tract, such as droplet infection or airborne infection.

Answer 69

Inhalation

Question 70

Refers to the part of the body that is infected. A _____ infection occurs in one body part and a ________, or generalized infection involves the whole body.

Answer 70

Site of Infection Local Systemic

Question 71

The capacity of a microorganism to cause disease and make you sick.

Answer 71

Pathogenicity

Question 72

__________ is based on the following: - Invasive qualities - Toxic qualities - Adherence to tissue - Ability to avoid host defences

Answer 72

Virulence

Question 73

________ precautions include hand washing, wearing gloves, and personal protective clothing. __________ is the most effective way to stop the spread of the most common pathogens.

Answer 73

Universal | Hand Washing

Question 74

________ or source of infection must be located and removed. Portal of exit of microbes should be ______. Knowledge of mode of __________ of a pathogen is essential to blocking its spread.

Answer 74

Reservoir Blocked Transmission

Question 75

Some other universal __________ include: - Reducing host susceptibility by immunization, proper diet, and nutrition - Adequate cleaning of surroundings and clothing - Use of disinfectants and antiseptics to destroy microorganisms - Sterilization of fomites by methods such as autoclaving

Answer 75

Precautions

Question 76

Refers to the collection of signs and symptoms expressed by the host during the disease course. This is an outward expression of the struggle between invading organisms and the hosts response of inflammation and immune reaction.

Answer 76

Symptomatology (Clinical Picture, Disease Presentation)

Question 77

Can be specific and reflect the site of infection or non-specific and shared by many diverse infectious diseases. They can also be obvious or covert.

Answer 77

Signs & Symptoms

Question 78

Examples of ______________ include: - Fever and chills - Increased pulse and respiratory rates - Aches, pain, or tenderness - Fatigue and loss of energy - Loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea - Rash, redness, and swelling of a body part - Sores on mucous membrane

Answer 78

Signs & Symptoms

Question 79

What are the 5 phases of the disease course?

Answer 79

1) Incubation Period 2) Prodromal Stage 3) Acute Stage 4) Convalescent Stage 5) Resolution Stage

Question 80

The first phase of the disease course when the pathogen begins active replication without producing symptoms.

Answer 80

Incubation Period

Question 81

The second phase of the disease course characterized by the initial appearance of symptoms.

Answer 81

Prodromal Stage

Question 82

The third phase of the disease course when the host experiences maximum impact of the infectious process and has the most symptoms.

Answer 82

Acute Stage

Question 83

The fourth phase of the disease course involving containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue, and resolution of associated symptoms.

Answer 83

Convalescent Stage

Question 84

The final phase of the disease course involving total elimination of the pathogen from the body with no residual signs and symptoms.

Answer 84

Resolution Stage

Question 85

Chronic infections have continuous signs and symptoms for months or years without a __________ stage.

Answer 85

Convalescent

Question 86

A type of illness that progresses from infection to resolution without clinically apparent symptoms.

Answer 86

Subclinical (Sub-Acute) Illness

Question 87

Term referring to when the prodromal phase is gradual.

Answer 87

Insidious

Question 88

Term referring to abrupt onset of illness with little or no prodromal phase.

Answer 88

Fulminant

Question 89

________ of an infectious disease is based on: - History - Physical examination - Culture - Serology

Answer 89

Diagnosis

Question 90

__________ of an infectious disease can involve: - Antimicrobial agent - Immunotherapy - Surgical intervention

Answer 90

Treatment