Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

T2 PATHOLOGY/SYSTEMS > Class 2 - Immune System > Flashcards

Class 2 - Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Cells that are responsible for what is called cell-mediated, or cellular immunity.

A

T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cells that work via cell-to-cell contact or by secreting messenger compounds that communicate with immune system cells.

A

T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of cells will carry out the following:

  • Attract cells
  • Prevent cells from leaving the area
  • Amplify the effectiveness of cells
  • Increase or decrease cell reactions
  • Activate and regulate B-cells
  • Signal natural killer cells
  • Increase local blood flow to facilitate immune cell movement
  • Determine if humoral or cellular immunity is needed
A

T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T-cells are responsible for:

  • Activating ____ cells and IgE’s in allergen responses
  • Involved in rejection of foreign tissue grafts
  • Control intracellular ( _____ ) infections
  • Kill tumor cells
A

Mast

Viral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

______ are involved in differentiating between self vs. non-self recognition and reaction.

A

T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The key regulatory cells of the immune system that carry out up regulation. They release various T-messenger compounds that activate and regulate the activities of the other cell types. They activate B and T cells correctly depending on the type of immune challenge.

A

T-Helper Cells (CD-4 Cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

These cells suppress/modify immune responses by carrying out down regulation. They decrease immune cell production and they control the mechanism to help ensure the response matches the situation, and that healthy self-cells are not killed.

A

Regulatory T-Cells (Tregs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

These cells destroy identified/presented antigens and they kill virus-infected cells by various means (lytic enzymes, cytotoxins, perforins, interferon). They are involved in attacking cellular problems that antibodies cannot influence.

A

T-Cytotoxic Cells (CD-8 Cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In order for T-cells to recognize and respond to an _______, it must be presented by another cell or antibody.

A

Antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A group of genes on chromosome 6 that determine tissue and blood compatibility.

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In humans, MHC are often called _________________. They are genetically determined self-markers.

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 classes of HLA?

A

1) Class I (on all cell surfaces)

2) Class II (on immune system cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

____ are key factors in determining self from non-self. However, they can also identify self-targets (cancerous cells). They lead to T-cells attacking or ignoring an antigen.

A

Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 4 ways in which immunity is acquired?

A

1) Active Natural Immunity
2) Active Artificial Immunity
3) Passive Immunity
4) Passive Artificial Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

A type of immunity that develops through direct exposure to an antigen and the innate response. The immune system develops antibodies.

A

Active Natural Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

A type of immunity that develops when the body is purposefully introduced to an antigen and subsequently reacts by developing antibodies.

A

Active Artificial Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

A type of immunity that is passed from a mother to fetus to protect the infant during the first few months of life as they develop their own immune system.

A

Passive Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

A type of immunity when antibodies are injected from one system to another and is used to help fight a current infection if the individual has not been immunized against the specific organism.

A

Passive Artificial Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Getting COVID and developing immunity is an example of which type of immunity?

A

Active Natural Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Receiving a flu shot or vaccine is an example of which type of immunity?

A

Active Artificial Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

IgG crossing the placenta or IgA passed on in breast milk are examples of which type of immunity?

A

Passive Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Receiving a rabies anti-serum or snake anti-venom are examples of which type of immunity?

A

Passive Artificial Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The ability to distinguish between self and non-self antigens.

A

Immunologic Self-Tolerance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In a healthy individual, mechanisms are put in place to eliminate T-cells or B-cells that fail to differentiate between the 2 antigens. When these mechanisms fail, _________ disorders arise.

A

Autoimmune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The mounting of an immune response against the body’s own tissues.

A

Auto-Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____________ happens for various reasons:

  • The attacked body tissue may have similar characteristics to a microbe the immune system has just battled
  • Some HLA inheritance corresponds to activation of autoimmune disease
  • Sometimes there is an over response of immune activities
  • Sometimes there is a reduced T-cell suppressor response
A

Auto-Immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Auto-immunity tends to involve the production of ____________.

A

Auto-Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A condition that involves an immune system attack on synovial membranes of joints, eventually leading to bone erosion and joint deformities.

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

In ______________, there is an autoimmune response to self-IgG and the resulting body is called _________ factor.

A 
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A condition in which auto-antibodies create an immune attack on self-myelin in the CNS’s neurons.

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which neuroglial cells are attacked in someone with Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Oligodendrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

A condition in which acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction are destroyed by immune cells after having been bonded by auto-antibodies.

A

Myasthenia Gravis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Auto-antibodies bind with self molecules to create ______ complexes.

A

Immune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Name 2 conditions where immune complexes travel in the bloodstream to target tissues and subject them to intense tissue destruction from the immune system responses and their sequelae.

A

1) Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)

2) Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

35
Q

Since some self cells are identified and presented for destruction, ____________ is possible. This has been found to occur in reactions to _____ and viruses that appear to have altered cellular markers in the affected person’s body.

A

Misidentification

Drugs

36
Q

Auto-immunity can have elements of ____________ reactions. Immune complexes attract inflammatory and ________ reactions where the tissue damage is the result of intense responses related to complement activation and ______ cell activity.

A

Hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic
Killer

37
Q

T/F - Autoimmune diseases are typically more common in biological females than males based on a hormonal component.

A

True

38
Q

Treatment of autoimmune diseases tends to involve the use of __________ and immunosuppressive drugs.

A

Corticosteroids

39
Q

Excessive or inappropriate activation of the immune system to exogenous and endogenous antigens that produce inflammation and cause tissue damage.

A

Hypersensitivity Disorders

40
Q

What are the 4 categories of hypersensitivity responses?

A

1) Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)
2) Type II (Antibody Mediated/Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)
3) Type III (Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity)
4) Type IV (Delayed/Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity)

41
Q

A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by IgE, which leads to the release of inflammatory mediators from sensitized mast cells. The reaction takes place with the second and subsequent exposures to the antigen, not with the initial exposure.

A

Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)

42
Q

A type of hypersensitivity response that begins rapidly, often within minutes of an antigen challenge. Often referred to as allergic reactions and the antigen in this case would be referred to as an allergen.

A

Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)

43
Q

______ responses vary in severity:

  • Mild, but annoying (ex. seasonal allergies)
  • Severely debilitating (ex. asthma)
  • Life threatening (ex. anaphylaxis)
A

Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity)

44
Q

What are the 2 reactions that Type I (Immediate Hypersensitivity) responses can be based upon site of involvement?

A

1) Local/Atopic Reactions

2) Systemic/Anaphylactic Reactions

45
Q

A common condition characterized by edema and hypersecretion of mucosal lining of the nasopharyngeal cavities by allergens like pollen.

A

Allergic Rhinitis

46
Q

A common condition that may be aggravated by high humidity, irritating vapours, and upper respiratory tract infections. It can last for days to weeks and can lead to complications like sinusitis or nasal polyps.

A

Allergic Rhinitis

47
Q

A lung disorder characterized by bronchoconstriction, edema, and increased secretion of thick mucus in the bronchi. Leads to constriction of airways.

A

Asthma

48
Q

Local wheals and erythema in the upper dermis associated with pruritis (itchiness). Develops rapidly after exposure to an allergen, which can be ingested or introduced through the skin.

A

Urticaria (hives)

49
Q

Generalized edema of skin, face, tongue, pharynx, and/or mucosa and allergens are similar to urticaria. The swelling is similar to hives, but takes place deeper in the dermis.

A

Angioedema (Quincke’s Edema, Angioneurotic Edema)

50
Q

An allergic reaction in the GI tract that begins shortly after food ingestion. Symptoms are primarily seen in the GI tract, skin, and respiratory system. Anaphylaxis can occur and a common allergen is shellfish.

A

Gastrointestinal Food Allergies

51
Q

The following are examples of ____________ reactions:

  • Allergic rhinitis
  • Asthma
  • Urticaria (hives)
  • Angioedema (Quincke’s Edema, angioneurotic edema)
  • Gastrointestinal food allergies
A

Local/Atopic

52
Q

A systemic life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction caused by smooth muscle contraction and vascular dilation as a reaction is released to mediators.

A

Anaphylaxis

53
Q

An acute generalized reaction characterized by itching, generalized flushing, headache, difficulty breathing, and a drop in blood pressure, which can lead to shock and loss of consciousness.

A

Anaphylaxis

54
Q

Common allergens are food, chemicals, insect stings, and drugs. Treatment for anaphylaxis is subcutaneous administration of __________.

A

Epinephrine

55
Q

A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by IgM or IgG and is directed against target antigens on cell surfaces or in extracellular tissue. These reactions commonly involve the formation of antibodies directed against blood cells and their destruction.

A

Type II (Antibody Mediated/Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity)

56
Q

Rupture or destruction of red blood cells.

A

Hemolysis

57
Q

A blood group system that refers to whether your blood has RH factor.

A

Rhesus (RH)

58
Q

A protein on a red blood cell.

A

RH Factor

59
Q

HgB, gives blood its red colour, transports O2 to tissues & CO2 from tissues.

A

Erythrocytes

60
Q

A hemolytic disease that affects neonates and it occurs if the mother is RH- and fetus is RH+ in subsequent pregnancies.

A

Erythroblastosis Fetalis (Hemolytic Anemia, Erythroblastosis Neonatorum)

61
Q

With erythroblastosis fetalis, RH+ antibodies formed in mother’s system from her first RH+ pregnancy cause ________ of the red blood cells during second pregnancy. Anemia, jaundice, and edema will present in the child.

A

Hemolysis

62
Q

A condition in which antibodies produced by a patient’s own body are responsible for the hemolysis of erythrocytes and it is manifested as anemia.

A

Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia

63
Q

Treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia includes use of corticosteroids and/or a __________.

A

Splenectomy

64
Q

A reaction that is triggered when incompatible blood type is administered and it manifests as fever, chills, and renal failure due to hemolysis of red blood cells.

A

Blood Transfusion Reactions

65
Q

Blood transfusion reactions can be prevented by checking blood groups and doing ____________ before blood transfusion.

A

Cross-matching

66
Q

A condition where the body produces antibodies that are directed against platelets. The response manifests as petechiae, purpura, and mucosal bleeding.

A

Autoimmune Thrombocytopenia (AITP)

67
Q

T/F - Treatment for autoimmune hemolytic anemia and thrombocytopenia is the same.

A

True

68
Q

A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by formation of antigen-immunoglobulin complexes, complement fixation, and localized inflammation. This response involves IgM and IgG antibodies.

A

Type III (Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity)

69
Q

A type of hypersensitivity response in which immune complexes formed in the body’s circulatory system are deposited in different areas of the body and the subsequent immune response causes inflammation and tissue destruction of the surrounding structures.

A

Type III (Immune Complex Mediated Hypersensitivity)

70
Q

A local response, is performed for experimental purposes, and involves the injection of a foreign substance. This usually results in complex formation and localized skin reactions.

A

Arthus Reaction

71
Q

A systemic response caused by animal serum or drugs, such as penicillin. Antibodies are developed to a serum or drug antigen, which results in the formation of an antigen-antibody complex.

A

Serum Sickness

72
Q

With serum sickness, complexes get lodged in small vessels and cause an inflammatory reaction known as acute ________. Symptoms include, fever, painful joints, enlarged lymph nodes/spleen, and urticaria.

A

Vasculitis

73
Q

A condition having local effects in which an acute streptococcal infection is responsible for the formation of antibodies. Streptococcus antigen and antibodies form an immune complex.

A

Glomerulonephritis

74
Q

A condition in which an immune complex is deposited on the glomerular basement membrane, leading to inflammation of the glomerulus. Symptoms include hematuria and proteinuria.

A

Glomerulonephritis

75
Q

This disease has systemic effects and is characterized by the inflammation and necrosis of medium-sized arteries with secondary ischemia of the tissues supplied by the affected blood vessels.

A

Polyarteritis Nodosa

76
Q

With polyarteritis nodosa, inflammation is caused by immune complex formation and the antigen can be penicillin or ________ virus. This can lead to fatal complications, such as ________ or rupture of blood vessels.

A

Hepatitis B

Occlusion

77
Q

A type of hypersensitivity response mediated by specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes and manifests as sub-acute/chronic inflammation with infiltration of the tissue by the lymphocytes and macrophages, resulting in variable degrees of necrosis.

A

Type IV (Delayed/Cell Mediated Hypersensitivity)

78
Q

Type I, II & III are ______ mediated and immediate. Type IV is ______ mediated and delayed.

A

Antibody

Cell

79
Q

An acute or chronic delayed type of hypersensitive response to allergens placed on the skin surface. Can be caused by plants, drugs, cosmetics, dyes, paints, and jewelry.

A

Contact Dermatitis

80
Q

This condition manifests as skin erythema, edema, pruritis, vascular eruption, and necrosis. Symptoms usually occur 12-24 hours after exposure and can last from a few days to weeks.

A

Contact Dermatitis

81
Q

Caused by a delayed hypersensitivity reaction and there is development of chronic inflammation because of infiltration of the graft by lymphocytes and macrophages. This leads to necrosis of the graft.

A

Graft Rejection

82
Q

T/F - Latex allergies are only Type I reactions.

A

False - Latex allergies can be Type I and/or Type IV reactions.

83
Q

Type I latex reactions are ________ and often life-threatening. Type IV latex reactions are more common and tend to manifest as ____________.

A

Contact Dermatitis

T2 PATHOLOGY/SYSTEMS (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions