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T2 PATHOLOGY/SYSTEMS > Class 1 - Immune System > Flashcards

Class 1 - Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

The body system that defends against foreign invaders, including bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign bodies/substances, abnormal molecules, and cancerous cells.

A

Immune System

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2
Q

Essential to immunity is the capacity to recognize ______ invaders (non-self).

A

Foreign

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3
Q

________ and hypersensitivities occur when the response to an invader is excessive.

A

Allergies

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4
Q

When self-tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous.

A

Auto-Immunity

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5
Q

A type of microorganism that is too small to see with the unaided eye, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

A

Microbe

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6
Q

A microbe that causes disease.

A

Pathogen

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7
Q

Tends to kill or damage microbes, such as lysosomal enzymes released by immune cells.

A

Antimicrobial Substance

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8
Q

Large molecules on cell surfaces that elicit specific responses from hosts and can be on self-cells as well as foreign-cells.

A

Antigen

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9
Q

Antigens are usually proteins or ____________.

A

Polysaccharides

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10
Q

A specific, discrete component of an antigen that is used as an identifier and binding site by host immune cells.

A

Epitope (Antigenic Determinant)

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11
Q

A protein in the immune system that is responsible for binding to an epitope and initiating the destruction of the associated organism.

A

Antibody

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12
Q

Also known as white blood cells.

A

Lymphocyte

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13
Q

A type of cell that means “to eat.”

A

Phagocyte

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14
Q

White blood cells that help heal tissue and infection by attacking antigens. They circulate in the blood, but die after they attack.

A

Neutrophils

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15
Q

Larger white blood cells that attack antigens and they do not die after attacking them.

A

Macrophages

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16
Q

Cells that patrol the blood and lymph and can kill your own cells without using an antigen presenting cell.

A

Natural Killer Cells

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17
Q

Collected coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease.

A

Immune Response

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18
Q

What are the 2 responses of the immune system?

A

1) Innate Response

2) Adaptive Response

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19
Q

An immune response we are born with and is our non-specific initial line of defence.

A

Innate Response

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20
Q

Features of the ______ response include:

  • It’s a rapid, early response
  • It’s always the same (non-specific)
  • It primarily reacts to microbes
  • It relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
  • It includes external physical barriers
  • It’s fairly easy for microbes to adapt to it
  • It stimulates adaptive responses
A

Innate

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21
Q

The ____ line of defence is the skin and our mucous membranes.

A

First (External)

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22
Q

Forms a protective film on the skin that inhibits the growth of certain microbes.

A

Sebum

23
Q

Traps microbes, which can be then expectorated or sneezed out of the body.

A

Mucous

24
Q

Found in the nose and respiratory tract and trap/sweep microbes away.

A

Hairs

25
Q

An enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria and is found in tears and saliva.

A

Lysozyme

26
Q

The ______ line of defence consists of antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, and phagocytes. It involves activation of the __________ system.

A

Second

Complement

27
Q

Interferons, iron binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins are all considered __________ substances.

A

Antimicrobial

28
Q

A specific immune response that develops with exposure to various organisms and substances that it finds threatening.

A

Adaptive Response

29
Q

Features of the _______ response include:

  • It’s slower to kick in
  • It develops in response to specific attributes of an invader
  • It works with another response system to enhance reactivity
  • It attacks microbes and antigens
  • It generates immunologic memory, meaning that subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response
A

Adaptive

30
Q

What are the 2 primary cells of adaptive immunity?

A

1) B-Lymphocytes (B-cells)

2) T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)

31
Q

What are the 2 things that lymphocytes do?

A

1) Regulator Cells

2) Effector Cells

32
Q

Cells that assist in controlling and orchestration of the immune response, for example by activating other cells.

A

Regulator Cells

33
Q

Cells that kill and eliminate the microbe or antigen.

A

Effector Cells

34
Q

Phagocytes, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, that kill or break apart an invader.

A

Accessory Cells

35
Q

Cells that present antigens and epitopes to killers.

A

Dendritic Cells

36
Q

A type of immunity where a high number of immune cells and other immune materials, like antibodies, circulate in the blood and lymph.

A

Humoral Immunity

37
Q

______ cells are located in various tissues and organs, such as:

  • Lymph nodes
  • Bone marrow
  • Thymus
  • Tonsils
  • Spleen
  • Skin
  • Mucosa
  • Vital organs
A

Immune

38
Q

When signalled by the presence of microbes or antigens, or by other immune cells, they rapidly reproduce to create populations ( ______ ) of targeted cell types.

A

Clones

39
Q

Cells that are key players in humoral immunity and they are very good at recognizing microbes and antigens. They also produce antibodies.

A

B-cells

40
Q

A type of immunity utilizing cell to cell communication to produce a response.

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

41
Q

When a B-cell binds to its associated antigen, it becomes ________.

A

Activated

42
Q

What are the 2 types of clones a B-cell can select upon activation?

A

1) Plasma Cell

2) Memory Cell

43
Q

When it reaches full maturation, ______ cells produce and secrete antibodies designed for a specific antigen. Antibodies bind to ________ and either kill/neutralize the invader, or present them to T-cells/macrophages.

A

Plasma

Epitopes

44
Q

Another name for antibodies.

A

Immunoglobins

45
Q

_______ cells do not participate in the initial immune response, but instead they stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs.

A

Memory

46
Q

Which type of antibody is described by the following:

  • 75% of antibodies are ___
  • The only Ig to cross the placenta (protects neonates and accounts for passive immunity in newborns)
  • Diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into tissues
  • Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions
  • Activates killer cells
  • Activates the complement system
A

IgG

47
Q

Which type of antibody is described by the following:

  • Predominant in saliva, tears, nasal, GI, and respiratory secretions
  • Found in breast milk (protects neonates)
  • Blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory, and urinary tracts
  • Protects mucosa
A

IgA

48
Q

Which type of antibody is described by the following:

  • Doesn’t leave the blood or lymph
  • Early responder
  • First Ig formed after immunization or initial exposure to a pathogen
  • Activates the complement system
  • Forms natural ABO antibodies
A

IgM

49
Q

Which type of antibody is described by the following:

  • Present in small amounts in serum
  • Needed for B-cell maturation
A

IgD

50
Q

Which type of antibody is described by the following:

  • Found in tiny amounts in plasma
  • Binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances
  • Attracts eosinophils
  • Responds to parasites
  • ___ overreaction = allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc.
  • Can be a genetic predisposition to producing excess ___
A

IgE

51
Q

Cells that bind to and/or break down antigens and they present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable.

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

52
Q

B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells all act as ________ cells. Also, antibodies can work in the same way.

A

Presenting

53
Q

Antigen presenting cells present antigens to ______. However, sometimes they are presented to phagocytosing cells.

A

T-cells

T2 PATHOLOGY/SYSTEMS (9 decks)

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