Class 1 - Immune System

Question 1

The body system that defends against foreign invaders, including bacteria, viruses, other organisms, foreign bodies/substances, abnormal molecules, and cancerous cells.

Answer 1

Immune System

Question 2

Essential to immunity is the capacity to recognize ______ invaders (non-self).

Answer 2

Foreign

Question 3

________ and hypersensitivities occur when the response to an invader is excessive.

Answer 3

Allergies

Question 4

When self-tissue is perceived as foreign or dangerous.

Answer 4

Auto-Immunity

Question 5

A type of microorganism that is too small to see with the unaided eye, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

Answer 5

Microbe

Question 6

A microbe that causes disease.

Answer 6

Pathogen

Question 7

Tends to kill or damage microbes, such as lysosomal enzymes released by immune cells.

Answer 7

Antimicrobial Substance

Question 8

Large molecules on cell surfaces that elicit specific responses from hosts and can be on self-cells as well as foreign-cells.

Answer 8

Antigen

Question 9

Antigens are usually proteins or ____________.

Answer 9

Polysaccharides

Question 10

A specific, discrete component of an antigen that is used as an identifier and binding site by host immune cells.

Answer 10

Epitope (Antigenic Determinant)

Question 11

A protein in the immune system that is responsible for binding to an epitope and initiating the destruction of the associated organism.

Answer 11

Antibody

Question 12

Also known as white blood cells.

Answer 12

Lymphocyte

Question 13

A type of cell that means “to eat.”

Answer 13

Phagocyte

Question 14

White blood cells that help heal tissue and infection by attacking antigens. They circulate in the blood, but die after they attack.

Answer 14

Neutrophils

Question 15

Larger white blood cells that attack antigens and they do not die after attacking them.

Answer 15

Macrophages

Question 16

Cells that patrol the blood and lymph and can kill your own cells without using an antigen presenting cell.

Answer 16

Natural Killer Cells

Question 17

Collected coordinated response of the cells and molecules of the immune system to protect against infectious disease.

Answer 17

Immune Response

Question 18

What are the 2 responses of the immune system?

Answer 18

1) Innate Response

2) Adaptive Response

Question 19

An immune response we are born with and is our non-specific initial line of defence.

Answer 19

Innate Response

Question 20

Features of the ______ response include:

• It’s a rapid, early response
• It’s always the same (non-specific)
• It primarily reacts to microbes
• It relies on phagocytes and antimicrobials
• It includes external physical barriers
• It’s fairly easy for microbes to adapt to it
• It stimulates adaptive responses

Answer 20

Innate

Question 21

The ____ line of defence is the skin and our mucous membranes.

Answer 21

First (External)

Question 22

Forms a protective film on the skin that inhibits the growth of certain microbes.

Answer 22

Sebum

Question 23

Traps microbes, which can be then expectorated or sneezed out of the body.

Answer 23

Mucous

Question 24

Found in the nose and respiratory tract and trap/sweep microbes away.

Answer 24

Hairs

Question 25

An enzyme that breaks down the cell wall of some bacteria and is found in tears and saliva.

Answer 25

Lysozyme

Question 26

The ______ line of defence consists of antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, and phagocytes. It involves activation of the __________ system.

Answer 26

Second | Complement

Question 27

Interferons, iron binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins are all considered __________ substances.

Answer 27

Antimicrobial

Question 28

A specific immune response that develops with exposure to various organisms and substances that it finds threatening.

Answer 28

Adaptive Response

Question 29

Features of the _______ response include: - It's slower to kick in - It develops in response to specific attributes of an invader - It works with another response system to enhance reactivity - It attacks microbes and antigens - It generates immunologic memory, meaning that subsequent exposures lead to a more rapid response

Answer 29

Adaptive

Question 30

What are the 2 primary cells of adaptive immunity?

Answer 30

1) B-Lymphocytes (B-cells) | 2) T-Lymphocytes (T-cells)

Question 31

What are the 2 things that lymphocytes do?

Answer 31

1) Regulator Cells | 2) Effector Cells

Question 32

Cells that assist in controlling and orchestration of the immune response, for example by activating other cells.

Answer 32

Regulator Cells

Question 33

Cells that kill and eliminate the microbe or antigen.

Answer 33

Effector Cells

Question 34

Phagocytes, such as macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils, that kill or break apart an invader.

Answer 34

Accessory Cells

Question 35

Cells that present antigens and epitopes to killers.

Answer 35

Dendritic Cells

Question 36

A type of immunity where a high number of immune cells and other immune materials, like antibodies, circulate in the blood and lymph.

Answer 36

Humoral Immunity

Question 37

______ cells are located in various tissues and organs, such as: - Lymph nodes - Bone marrow - Thymus - Tonsils - Spleen - Skin - Mucosa - Vital organs

Answer 37

Immune

Question 38

When signalled by the presence of microbes or antigens, or by other immune cells, they rapidly reproduce to create populations ( ______ ) of targeted cell types.

Answer 38

Clones

Question 39

Cells that are key players in humoral immunity and they are very good at recognizing microbes and antigens. They also produce antibodies.

Answer 39

B-cells

Question 40

A type of immunity utilizing cell to cell communication to produce a response.

Answer 40

Cell-Mediated Immunity

Question 41

When a B-cell binds to its associated antigen, it becomes ________.

Answer 41

Activated

Question 42

What are the 2 types of clones a B-cell can select upon activation?

Answer 42

1) Plasma Cell | 2) Memory Cell

Question 43

When it reaches full maturation, ______ cells produce and secrete antibodies designed for a specific antigen. Antibodies bind to ________ and either kill/neutralize the invader, or present them to T-cells/macrophages.

Answer 43

Plasma | Epitopes

Question 44

Another name for antibodies.

Answer 44

Immunoglobins

Question 45

_______ cells do not participate in the initial immune response, but instead they stay in the body to respond quickly if a secondary exposure to the same antigen occurs.

Answer 45

Memory

Question 46

Which type of antibody is described by the following: - 75% of antibodies are ___ - The only Ig to cross the placenta (protects neonates and accounts for passive immunity in newborns) - Diffuses readily out of the vascular zone into tissues - Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial actions - Activates killer cells - Activates the complement system

Answer 46

IgG

Question 47

Which type of antibody is described by the following: - Predominant in saliva, tears, nasal, GI, and respiratory secretions - Found in breast milk (protects neonates) - Blocks entry of organisms to the eyes, gut, respiratory, and urinary tracts - Protects mucosa

Answer 47

IgA

Question 48

Which type of antibody is described by the following: - Doesn't leave the blood or lymph - Early responder - First Ig formed after immunization or initial exposure to a pathogen - Activates the complement system - Forms natural ABO antibodies

Answer 48

IgM

Question 49

Which type of antibody is described by the following: - Present in small amounts in serum - Needed for B-cell maturation

Answer 49

IgD

Question 50

Which type of antibody is described by the following: - Found in tiny amounts in plasma - Binds to mast cells and liberates histamine and other inflammatory substances - Attracts eosinophils - Responds to parasites - ___ overreaction = allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, asthma, etc. - Can be a genetic predisposition to producing excess ___

Answer 50

IgE

Question 51

Cells that bind to and/or break down antigens and they present epitopes on their surfaces, or alter the antigen to make it more recognizable.

Answer 51

Antigen Presenting Cells

Question 52

B-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells all act as ________ cells. Also, antibodies can work in the same way.

Answer 52

Presenting

Question 53

Antigen presenting cells present antigens to ______. However, sometimes they are presented to phagocytosing cells.

Answer 53

T-cells