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T2 PATHOLOGY/SYSTEMS > Class 7 - Pathology of the Integumentary System > Flashcards

Class 7 - Pathology of the Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The interface between the body’s internal and external environment that is subject to its own pathologies, and can be used to judge general health.

A

Skin

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2
Q

_____ pathologies can be painful, irritating, and there is also psychological impact that may occur for sufferers.

A

Skin

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3
Q

T/F - Massage therapists have more access to their client’s skin than any other front line health care practitioner.

A

True

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4
Q

What are some functions of human skin?

A

1) Protection
2) Immunity
3) Thermoregulation
4) Storage/Reservoir
5) Flexible/Resilient Container
6) Sensation
7) Role in Vitamin D Synthesis
8) Healing/Repair
9) Excretion

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of skin from superficial to deep?

A

1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
3) Subcutaneous

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6
Q

Melanocytes produce _______, which has 2 purposes:

1) Giving the skin ______
2) Protecting basal cells from ___ damage

A

Melanin
Colour (Pigmentation)
UV

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7
Q

What are some general guidelines for manual practitioners related to working with the skin?

A

1) Research unfamiliar conditions
2) Avoid treating an undiagnosed lesion
3) Hygiene care to an area of inflamed, irritated, or disrupted skin
4) Ask about type of treatment(s)
5) Good reason to treat the vulnerable skin?
6) Patch test for allergies
7) Modify hydrotherapy

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8
Q

What are some general contraindications related to skin pathologies?

A

1) Infection/risk of spreading
2) Acute inflammation/flare up present
3) Vesicles/blisters
4) Risk of promoting bleeding
5) Broken or eroded skin
6) Stretching friable tissue

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9
Q

Refers to a traumatic or pathologic loss of normal tissue continuity, structure, or function. Size ranges from a fraction of a millimetre to many centimetres.

A

Lesion

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10
Q

A small, flat, circumscribed lesion of a different colour than the normal skin.

A

Macule

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11
Q

A small, firm, elevated lesion.

A

Papule

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12
Q

An elevated lesion larger than a papule.

A

Nodule

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13
Q

An elevated, erythematous lesion that usually contains purulent exudate (pus).

A

Pustule

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14
Q

An elevated, thin walled lesion containing clear fluid.

A

Vesicle

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15
Q

A large, slightly elevated lesion with a flat surface that is often topped by scale.

A

Plaque

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16
Q

A lesion with a dry, rough surface, or dried exudates, or blood.

A

Crust

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17
Q

A lesion with a thick, dry, rough skin surface that is leather-like.

A

Lichenification

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18
Q

A lesion that is a raised, irregular mass of collagen resulting from excessive scar formation.

A

Keloid

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19
Q

A lesion that is a small, deep crack or tear in the skin.

A

Fissure

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20
Q

A lesion that is a cavity with loss of tissue from the epidermis and dermis. It is often weeping or bleeding.

A

Ulcer

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21
Q

A lesion that is a shallow moist cavity in the epidermis.

A

Erosion

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22
Q

T/F - A patch is a lesion that is less that 1 cm in diameter.

A

False - A patch is a lesion that is GREATER than 1 cm in diameter. It is larger than a macule.

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23
Q

A general term meaning skin outbreak that changes its appearance and texture. Temporary eruptions of the skin that range in size and are associated with childhood diseases, heat, irritation, allergies, or drug induced reactions.

A

Rashes

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24
Q

What are the 4 types of rashes?

A

1) Blanched (white)
2) Erythematous (red)
3) Hemorrhagic/Purpuric (containing blood)
4) Pigmented (coloured)

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25
Q

A vesicle of fluid filled papule that is caused by friction or burns. There is degeneration of epidermal cells and disruptions of intercellular junctions, which causes layers of skin to separate and fluid to accumulate.

A

Blister (Bulla)

26
Q

Blisters are most common in the _____ surface of the hand or the _____ surface of the foot.

A

Palmar

Plantar

27
Q

T/F - Breaking of a blister to remove fluid will increase the chance of infection.

A

True

28
Q

A hyperkeratotic plaque of skin due to chronic pressure or friction. There is increased cohesion between cells and decreased skin shedding.

A

Callus

29
Q

T/F - Calluses can be permanently removed by filing.

A

False - Calluses may be removed by filing, but will reoccur if the cause is not addressed.

30
Q

A small, well circumscribed, cone-shaped, keratinous thickening of the skin. _____ will usually appear on the toes from rubbing or ill-fitting shoes.

A

Corns

31
Q

T/F - Corns are painful on the hands, and usually asymptomatic on the feet.

A

False - Corns are painful on the FEET, and usually asymptomatic on the HANDS.

32
Q

Corns may be removed by _______, but may reoccur if the cause is not addressed.

A

Surgery

33
Q

______ develop from forces distributed over a broad area of skin, whereas _____ develop from more localized forces.

A

Calluses

Corns

34
Q

T/F - Corns can occur within an area of callus, such as on the plantar surface.

A

True

35
Q

An itch sensation that originates in free nerve endings in the skin (nociceptors) and ranges from mild to severe. Most treatment measures are non-specific.

A

Pruritus

36
Q

_______ may be a clue for internal disorders, such as chronic renal disease and biliary disease.

A

Pruritus

37
Q

What are 3 triggering factors for pruritis?

A

1) Warmth
2) Touch
3) Vibration

38
Q

Scratching an itch is a _____ reflex, and it may or may not relieve the itch. Repeated scratching may lead to skin ________ and lacerations/excoriation.

A

Spinal

Irritation

39
Q

Caused by dehydration of the stratum corneum and skin appears rough, scaly, wrinkled, and lined. It may be the primary sign on a skin disorder, or an underlying systemic disease.

A

Xerosis

40
Q

Dry skin is predisposed to _______, which may result in cracking a fissuring.

A

Itching

41
Q

What are some commonly affected areas for xerosis? How is it treated?

A

Extremities, Back, Abdomen, Waist

Moisturizing Agents

42
Q

_______ skin generally provides better protection against skin cancer, premature wrinkling, and aging of the skin associated with ___ exposure.

A

Darker

Sun

43
Q

T/F - It is easier to evaluate pallor, cyanosis, and erythema on darker skin.

A

False - It may be MORE DIFFICULT to evaluate pallor, cyanosis, and erythema on darker skin.

44
Q

_________ skin disorders involve melanocytes.

A

Pigmentary

45
Q

A pigmentary skin disorder characterized by white patches that suddenly appear on the skin due to the absence or a decreased number of melanocytes, or containing melanocytes that don’t produce melanin.

A

Vitiligo

46
Q

Characteristics of _______:

  • Presents as a depigmented macule with a definite smooth border
  • The size is variable and may enlarge over time
  • Often seen on the face, neck, axillae, or extremities
  • Colour is white, pale, or greyish blue
  • The lesions are prone to sunburn
  • Usually asymptomatic, or may be pruritic
A

Vitiligo

47
Q

T/F - The etiology for vitiligo is unknown and there is no cure.

A

True

48
Q

A genetic pigmentary skin disorder with complete or partial congenital absence of pigment in the skin (pale/pink), hair (white/yellow), and eyes (light/pink).

A

Albinism

49
Q

The most common type of albinism that is recessively inherited and the patient has the normal number of melanocytes, but lacks the enzyme required for the synthesis of melanin.

A

Oculocutaneous Albinism

50
Q

Patients with albinism are very sensitive to ____, have refractive errors, and nystagmus.

A

Light

51
Q

T/F - There is no cure for albinism and treatment is aimed at reducing the risk of skin cancer.

A

True

52
Q

A pigmentary skin disorder characterized by darkened macules on the face visible as hyperpigmentation of the cheeks, temples, and forehead. It can be exacerbated by sun exposure.

A

Chloasma (Melasma)

53
Q

Chloasma is more common in biological born females, especially during ________ or while using oral contraceptives.

A

Pregnancy

54
Q

Treatment for chloasma is ________, and some options include limiting sun exposure or bleaching.

A

Palliative

55
Q

T/F - Chloasma is permanent if it occurs during pregnancy.

A

False - Chloasma is often NOT PERMANENT if it occurs during pregnancy.

56
Q

A relatively common fungal infection in which fungus invades dead keratinized tissue and this can happen anywhere on the body.

A

Tinea (Mycosis/Ringworm)

57
Q

Characteristics of _______:

  • Skin scaling, nail degeneration, or hair breakage
  • Fungal infection can become deep in immunocompromised individuals, caused by inflammation due to toxins released by fungi
  • Appears itchy, scaly, red rash, and sometimes bald patches
  • Treatment would be with an antifungal cream
A

Tinea (Mycosis/Ringworm)

58
Q

T/F - You can massage an area with tinea, as long as it hasn’t progressed to a deeper reaction.

A

False - You CANNOT massage an area with tinea, as it is CONTAGIOUS.

59
Q

_______ bacterial infections are generally superficial. _________ bacterial infections usually occur in a pre-existing lesion and may be deeper.

A

Primary

Secondary

60
Q

A bacterial infection can be diagnosed by _______ and treated with __________.

A

Culture

Antibiotics

61
Q

An infection of a hair follicle which spreads to the surrounding dermis.

A

Furuncles (Boils)

T2 PATHOLOGY/SYSTEMS (9 decks)

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