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116 - Variations in Health > Class 4: Gastrointestinal & Genitourinary Systems > Flashcards

Class 4: Gastrointestinal & Genitourinary Systems Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Diarrhea

A

increase in frequency, volume, and fluid content of a stool. A symptom; not a disease. water content of feces is increased, usually due to either malabsorption or water secretion in the bowel.

  • may be acute or chronic
  • may be a cause of incontinence
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2
Q

oliguria

A

a urine output of less than 400 mL in 24 hours (adults).

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3
Q

cystitis

A

an inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder, characterized by pain, urgency and frequency of urination, and hematuria

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4
Q

urgency

A

sudden urge to urinate

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5
Q

frequency

A

urinating often

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6
Q

incontinence

A

the involuntary passage of a stool

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7
Q

urinary incontinence

A

an uncontrolled loss of urine that is of sufficient magnitude to be a problem

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8
Q

flatus

A

gas in the intestinal tract or gases passed through the anus

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9
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of involuntary contraction passing along the walls of the intestines and forcing content onwards

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10
Q

anuria

A

non-passage of urine, less than 100 mL per day

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11
Q

hematuria

A

blood in the urine that may or may not be accompanied by pain. But it is always abnormal and should be investigated

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12
Q

micturition

A

urination

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13
Q

what are two types of movement in the GI tract?

A

segmentation and peristalsis

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14
Q

What are 5 primary functions of GI system?

A

ingestion (and propulsion), secretion (of enzymes, mucous and water), digestion, absorption (nutrients, water), elimination

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15
Q

what controls the GI tract?

A

the autonomic nervous system

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16
Q

venous blood draining from the GI tract empties into the….

A

portal vein which then goes to the liver

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17
Q

age related changes on the GI system

A
  • increased periodontal disease and tooth loss (inability to chew)
  • slowing of peristalsis (bloating, heartburn)
  • tongue and taste bud atrophy
  • alterations in secretion: saliva, gastric secretions, pancreatic enzymes. problems with digestion
  • delayed gastric emptying
  • alterations in cardiovascular and neurological systems can affect GI function
  • new surgical wound, you need softer bowels
  • decreased muscle tone to perineal floor and anal sphincter
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18
Q

common GI diagnostics

A
  • radiological studies
  • abdominal ultrasonography
  • endoscopy (colonoscopy, capsule endoscopy)
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • fecal analysis: occult blood, parasites, fat content, mucus, pus
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19
Q

factors that influence elimination

A
  • hydration
  • nutrition
  • physical activity
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20
Q

what are some causes of diarrhea?

A

stress, medications, allergies, intolerance of food or fluids, disease of colon

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21
Q

what are some effects of diarrhea?

A

increased motility

  • inflammation and infection of mucosa
  • incomplete digestion of food
  • reduced absorption of fluids
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22
Q

how can you manage diarrhea?

A

increase fluids, may need an IV, bland diet, avoid hot and cold fluids, no alcohol or caffeine.

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23
Q

bowel incontinence

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A

loss of voluntary ability to control fecal and gaseous discharges. generally associated with impaired functioning of anal sphincter or nerve supply

24
Q

possible causes of bowel incontinence

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A

-neurological
spinal cord injury or disease
head injury, stroke or brain tumour

  • diarrhea
  • tumours
25
what are goals for bowel incontinence?
maintain or restore normal bowel elimination pattern - maintain or regain normal stool consistency - prevent associated risks such as fluid and electrolyte imbalance, skin breakdown, abdominal distention and pain
26
constipation
decreased frequency of defection | - may be a primary problem or a manifestation of another disease or condition
27
fecal impaction
mass or collection of hardened feces in folds of rectum. | -recognized by passage of liquid fecal seepage and no normal stool
28
causes of fecal impaction
usually poor defecation habits and constipation
29
fecal impaction treatment
soften stool, possible manual disimpaction
30
what will you include in a focused Gastrointestinal Assessment?
- weight loss/gain - nausea - appetite - heartburn - blood in stool - how they are feeling - problems swallowing - hemmoroids - changes in bowels - past current health history - medications - inspection - auscultation ( listening to internal sounds ) - palpitation (light to deep, feel the person) - diagnostics
31
what are the 5 functions of kidneys
removal/excretion, fluid/electrolyte balance, regulate BP, regulation of RBC production
32
what is erythropoietin
the regulation of RBC production
33
what are the working units of the kidneys
the nephrons
34
what are two features that permit the distension capability of the bladder
rugae and elasticity of the bladder
35
detrusor
smooth muscle in the wall of bladder
36
age related changes to the Genitourinary system
- bladder muscles weaken, capacity decreases, emptying is more difficult.
37
diagnostics of the GU system
- take a urinalysis, C&S (colour, smell, pH, is it growing anything?) - serum creatine: increased levels indicate kidney disfunction - BUN: above normal levels indicate kidney dysfunction (increases dehydration) - Utric Acid - IVP, endoscopy, ultrasound, biopsy
38
factors the influence urinary elimination
- similar to GI elimination - diseases - muscle tone - medication - developmental factors - psychological factors - fluid and food intake - pathological conditions - surgical and diagnostic procedures
39
urinary incontinence
uncontrolled loss of urine of sufficient amount to be a problem
40
common causes of urinary incontinence
UTI's, urethritis, pregnancy, hypercalcemia, fluid overload, delirium
41
stress urinary incontinence
a sneeze pushing on the bladder
42
urge urinary incontinence
the feeling that you have to go but only a few seconds or minutes before
43
overflow urinary incontinence
too much in bladder can't palpate it
44
relax urinary incontinence
no warning or stress, frequent and involuntary urinate. common in MS patients
45
functional urinary incontinence
in ability to get to the toilet in time without assistance
46
total urinary incontinence
continuous and total loss of urinary control
47
urinary retention
when they emptying of the bladder is impaired and urine accumulates. - bladder becomes over-distended and loses contractility - clients may experience overflow voiding or incontinence
48
causes of urinary retention
bladder outlet obstruction or deficient detrusor contraction strength
49
neurogenic bladder
impaired neurological function can interfere with the normal mechanisms of urine elimination. - client unable to recognize/perceive when bladder is full and is unable to control urinary sphincters - bladder becomes flaccid and distended or spastic
50
UTI's
- 50x more prevalent in women then men - most common type of health care associated infection found in long term care facilities - most UTI's caused by bacteria common to the intestinal environment
51
causes and risk factors of UTI's
improper cleaning, long term retention, diet, STI driven
52
signs and symptoms of a UTI
burning/itching sensation, fever, odour, cloud, behaviour changes, urinary habit changes
53
assessment/diagnosis of UTI's
get them to pee, look at urine, ask questions
54
management of UTI's
diet, hydration, mobility, exercise.
55
prevention of UTI's
practice frequent voiding, avoid harsh soaps, tight clothing, wear cotton underwear rather than nylon, wipe front to back, shower rather than bath
56
focused GU assessment
``` risk factors: age, reoccurrence, spinal cord injury pain: where is it? medical history medications CVAT bladder palpation hydration status bladder distension edema urinalysis normal voiding patterns women: cough + valsalva manoeuvre (to assess urine leakage) ```

116 - Variations in Health (11 decks)

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