Concave curve in lateral view - Cervical lordosis - Lumbar lordosis

Convex curve in the lateral view - Thoracic kyphosis - Sacro-coccygeal kyphosis

Class 8 - THE SKELETON OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE THORAX Flashcards by Dawna Miller

Functions of the vertebral column

Support the head, allows for movements and attachment of the muscles of the trunk

Point of attachment for the ribs, pelvic girdle, and upper extremities

Partially supports the trunk and surrounds and protects the spinal cord

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Portions of a typical vertebra

Body

Vertebral arch

Seven vertebra processes

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The body of the vertebra

Disc-shaped weight-bearing portion

Rough superior and inferior surfaces for the attachment of intervertebral disc

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The vertebral arch

Formed by the union of the pedicles and laminae of both side in the middle

Surrounds and protects the spinal cord by forming the vertebral foramen

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Vertebral foramen contains

Connective tissue, fat, and blood vessels

Surrounds the spinal cord

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Intervertebral foramina

Space in between the vertebrae that allow for the passage of spinal nerves

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The seven vertebral processes

Transverse processes (2)

Spinous process (1)

Superior articular processes (2)

Inferior articular processes (2)

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Facets joints (planner synovial) are formed by

Superior and inferior articular processes

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Five regions of the vertebral column

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal

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Number of vertebral curves in fetus and newborn

One

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Number of vertebral curves in adults

Four (after age 10)

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Lordosis

Concave curve in lateral view

Cervical lordosis
Lumbar lordosis

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Kyphosis

Convex curve in the lateral view

Thoracic kyphosis
Sacro-coccygeal kyphosis

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Primary vertebral curvatures

Thoracic kyphosis

Sacro-coccygeal kyphosis

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Secondary vertebral curvatures

Cervical lordosis

Lumbar lordosis

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Intervertebral discs are formed by

Annulus fibrosus (outer fibrous ring)

Nucleus pulposus (inner soft, elastic substance)

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Intervertebral disc form

Cartilaginous joints between adjacent bodies and absorb vertical shock

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Intervertebral discs lose water during the…

Day, due to compression

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Intervertebral discs rehydrate…

While sleeping

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Blood vessels from the body of the vertebrae provide…

Intervertebral discs

Nourishment for the avascular intervertebral discs

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Nucleus pulposus hardens…

With age

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Herniated (slipped) disc

Excessive pressure on the nucleus pulposus may rupture the annulus fibrosus causing the nucleus pulposus to protrude through the ruptured area

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Herniated discs occur most commonly in

Lumbar region

Cervical region

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Typical cervical vertebrae

C3-C6, bifurcated and container transverse foramina

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Cervical vertebrae foramina

Transverse foramina (2) only present in cervical vertebrae Vertebral foramen (1)

Atypical cervical vertebrae

C1, C2, and C7

Atlas (C1)

Has no body, nor spinous process Has two lateral masses with concave superior articular facets

Axis (C2)

Has body with a superior projection (dens)

Prominent and transitional vertebrae, has longest spinous process that is not biforcated.

Thoracic vertebrae

12 Only vertebrae that articulate with the ribs Longer and larger transverse processes Spinous processes are long and directed inferiorly Contain costal facets for the ribs

Ligamentum Nuchae

Ligament that covers the posterior side of C1-C6 to help keep the neck stable

Costal facets articulate with the ribs with the corresponding vertebrae in two joints

1. Costovertebral joint | 2. Costotransverse joint

Transverse processes contain costal facets for the tubercle of the ribs except on

T11 and T12

Vertebral bodies contain two semi-facets for the head of the ribs except

T10, T11 and T12 They only have one facet

Movement of the thoracic region is limited due to two factors

1. Attachment of the semi-rigid rib cage, protecting the thoracic organs 2. The shingle-like position of the long spinous process

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

Largest and strongest vertebrae Spinous processes are short and thick Spinous processes are quadrangular and project straight posteriorly One of the most moveable regions of the spine

The sacrum (5 fused sacral vertebrae)

Triangular in shape located between the hip bones Strong foundation for the pelvic girdle

Sacrum fusion timeline

Starts at 16-18, finalizing by 30

Women’s sacrum are…

Shorter, wider and more curved

Sacrum curvatures

Anterior aspect is concave | Posterior aspect is convex

Sacrum foramina

Anterior sacral foramina (4) Posterior sacral foramina (4) Communicate with the sacral canal and allow for passage of nerves and blood vessels

Sacral promontory

Anteriorly projecting border of the broad superior portion (base of sacrum)

Sacral hiatus

Inferior entrance of the sacral canal

Sacral crests

Median sacral crest (1) | Lateral sacral crests (2)

Articular surfaces of the sacrum

Contained on the lateral surfaces, form the sacroiliac (SI) joint with the hip bone

Sacral tuberosity

Posterior to the articular surfaces for the attachment of ligaments

Coccyx

3-5 fused coccygeal vertebrae Triangular shape

Coccygeal vertebrae fuse around age…

20-30

Coccyx articulates superiorly with…

Apex of the sacrum

Coccyx points…

Inferiorly in females | Anteriorly in males

Thorax consist of

The sternum 12 pairs of ribs 12 thoracic vertebrae

The sternum consists of

Manubrium Body Xiphoid process

Sternal angle

Junction of the manubrium and the body of the sternum

The sternal angle is a landmark for…

Site of attachment of the 2nd rib

The suprasternal (jugular) notch is a landmark for…

Palpation of the trachea

The xiphoid process is a landmark for…

Attachment of the 7th rib | Subcostal angle

Sternum provides attachment to…

The clavicles The ribs Muscles of the neck, thorax and abdomen

Xiphoid process ossifies around age…

Ribs increase progressively in length from…

1st to 7th

Ribs decrease progressively in size from…

8th to 12th

Costal cartilage

Hyaline cartilage on the anterior end of each rib

True ribs

Ribs 1-7 Attach directly to the sternum via sternocostal joints (synovial)

False ribs

8-12 Either attach indirectly or do not attach to the sternum

All ribs articulate with…

Their corresponding thoracic vertebrae

Vertebrosternal ribs

True ribs

Vertebrochondral ribs

False ribs

Floating ribs

11 & 12, do not attach to the sternum at all

Costal margin

Cartilage of 8th, 9th & 10th ribs attach one another and joint cartilage of the 7th rib

Subcostal angle

Where the two costal margins meet at the xiphoid process

Measuring the subcostal angle may help…

Define the body type of an individual

Mesomorphic

Subcostal angle is 90 degrees

Ectomorphic

Subcostal angle is more that 90 degrees

Endomorphic

Subcostal angle is less than 90 degrees

Class 8 - THE SKELETON OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THE THORAX Flashcards

(73 cards)