class - external - key sociologists

Question 1

Feinstein (2008)
language

Answer 1

Language
found that the more educated parents use more challenging language which improves their intellectual understanding

Question 2

Bernstein (1975)

Answer 2

speech codes
1) restricted speech codes = used by the WC, limited vocab, judged by teachers
2) elaborated speech codes = wider, formal vocab used by MC, used within school (by teachers, textbooks) and in exams, praised for using

Question 3

Feinstein (2008)
parents

Answer 3

parents own education is the most important factor affecting the childs education
MC more likely to have higher education (can afford uni)
means they have an advantage when teaching children (helping with homework)

Question 4

Douglas (1964)

Answer 4

argues WC parents place less importance on education
less ambitious for children resulting in children not trying as hard

Question 5

Bernstein and Young (1967)

Answer 5

MC buy more books and read to their children

Question 6

Sugarman (1970)

Answer 6

argues WC value subculture
4 key values that act as barriers to education
1) fatalism = what will be will be attitude, there is nothing they can do to change their education
2) immediate gratification = seek pleasure immediately rather than making sacrifices, exams = long term revision, don’t see benefit
3) collectivism = see the community (family and friends) as more important than working
4) present time = only looking at the here and now, don’t look to the future

Question 7

Howard (2001)

Answer 7

poorer homes have lower intake of energy, vitamins and minerals
weakening immune system
lead to absence due to illness and difficulty concentrating in class

Question 8

Wilkinson (1996)

Answer 8

studied 10 year old with emotional and behavioural difficulties and found that with lower social class comes higher rates of hyperactive anxiety and conduct disorders

Question 9

Tanner (2003)

Answer 9

transport, uniforms, books, computers, calculators, sport, music and art equipment place heavy burden on poor families
risks being stigmatized and bullied

Question 10

Flaherty

Answer 10

20% of children who are entitled to FSM do not take them due to fear of stigmatization

Question 11

Sutton Trust (2010)

Answer 11

private school students are 55x more likely to get into Oxbridge at 22x more likely to get into a highly ranked university

Question 12

Callender and Jackson (2005)

Answer 12

WC students are more debt adverse
see debt as negative and something to be avoided
impacted decision of going to uni
5x less likely to apply to uni

Question 13

Reay (2005)

Answer 13

WC students are more likely to apply to their nearest unis becasue they could not afford the cost of travel and accommodation away from home

Question 14

Bourdieu (1984)

Answer 14

cultural capital = knowledge, attitudes, values and language
- argues education system favours MC cultures
economic capital = money and the things it can buy
educational capital =formal qualifications and the accompanying knowledge and skill

Question 15

Leech and Campos (2003)

Answer 15

‘selection by mortgage’
MC can afford houses in catchment area of a school that performs highly in league tables
- economic capital can be converted into educational capital

Question 16

Sullivan (2001)

Answer 16

456 pupils across 4 schools
asked about what they did in their spare time
also tested their vocab and knowledge
- higher cultural capital can convert to higher educational capital

Question 17

Sullivan (2001)

Answer 17

pupils had the same level of cultural capital but MC did better
suggests that economic capital is the most influential