Class Five Flashcards by Harni G.

what is a physiological disorder

set of behavioural/physiological symptoms that do not keep up with cultural norms

distress + impaired personal functioning

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core components for diagnosis of physiological disorders

symptom quantity + severity

impact on functioning

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standards for diagnoses

DSM 5

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characteristics of anxiety disorders

excessive fear + anxiety with physiological & psychological symptoms

e.g. separation anxiety disorder

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characteristics of obsessive compulsive disorders

pattern of obsessive thoughts + behavioural compulsions

e.g. body dysmorphia

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characteristics of trauma related disorders

unhealthy responses to harmful events

patterns of anxiety, depression

e.g. PTSD

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characteristics of somatic symptom disorders

symptoms that cannot be described by a medical condition but cause emotional distress

e.g. somatic symptom disorder

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characteristics of bipolar disorders

mood swings, manic → depressive

e.g. bipolar 1 and 2 disorders

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characteristics of depressive disorders

disturbance in mood or affect

sleep, appetite, fatigue

e.g. major depressive disorder

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characteristics of schizophrenia spectrum disorders

loss of contact with reality

has positive and negative symptoms

e.g. delusional disorder

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characteristics of dissociative disorders

disruptions in memory and awareness

usually caused by psychological trauma

e.g. dissociative identity disorder

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characteristics of personality disorders

maladaptive patterns of behaviour and cognition

3 clusters: A, B and C

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characteristics of neurodevelopmental disorders

developmental deficits, learning impairments

e.g. ASD

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characteristics of neurocognitive disorders

cognitive abnormalities or decline in memory

e.g. MMND (major and mild)

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characteristics of feeding and eating disorders

abnormal eating behaviours

e.g. anorexia nervosa

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4 types of anxiety disorders

panic disorder

generalized anxiety disorder

specific phobia

social anxiety disorder

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bipolar I vs bipolar II

bipolar I: diagnosed only if there has been a spontaneous manic episode (or mixed)

bipolar II: manic phases are less extreme, requires both types of episodes - hypomanic and major depressive

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positive symptoms for schizophrenia

delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking

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negative symptoms for schizophrenia

decreased emotional expression, lack of motivation

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cluster A of personality disorder

paranoid

schizoid

schizotypal

traits is shown as: irrational, withdrawn, cold

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cluster B of personality disorder

antisocial

borderline

histrionic

narcissistic

shown as: emotional, dramatic, attention seeking

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cluster C of personality disorder

avoidant

dependent

obsessive compulsive

shown as: tense, anxious, over-controlled

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dopamine hypothesis

hypothesis that the pathway for dopamine is hyperactive in people with schizophrenia

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down syndrome is caused by..

third copy of chromosome 21

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anterograde amnesia

inability to form new memories

retrograde amnesia

most recent memories not being retained

Alzheimer's - brain

cortical disease - caused by the formation of neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (clumps of tau protein) abnormalities of ACh in the hippocampus

Parkinson's disease - brain

caused by the death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substance nigra

treatment for Parkinson's

L-dopa treatments precursor to dopamine & can cross blood brain barrier

what is consciousness

awareness that we have of ourselves, internal states and environment

what brain structures control alertness + arousal

reticular formation

polysomnography

multimodal technique to measure physiological processes during sleep includes EEG etc.

what do alpha waves indicate

relaxed state → going to sleep

what do beta waves indicate

alertness, focus + active consciousness

stage 1 of sleep

theta waves dominate this section person is less responsive to stimulus slow eye rolling movements

stage 2 of sleep

has K-complexes (large and slow wave) and sleep spindles (bursts of waves) no eye movement increased relaxation (decreased HR etc.)

stage 3 and 4 of sleep

has delta waves (signifies the deepest level of sleep) slow wave sleep → no eye movements, slow HR and digestion, growth hormones secreted

final stage of sleep is

REM sleep

what happens during REM sleep

bursts of quick eye movements look like beta waves

when do dreams occur

in REM sleep

average sleep cycle length

90 min

SCN purpose with sleep

exposure to light stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus → affects body temp and hormone levels and tells us to wake up

melatonin and sleep

melatonin is made by the pineal gland (darkness stimulates it SCN to signal to pineal gland) melatonin makes you tired bright light inhibits the release of melatonin

REM rebound

missing REM sleep for one night → increase in REM sleep later to compensate

Freud and dreams

though that the plot lines (manifest content) were symbolic of latent content (unconscious wishes and desires)

activation synthesis theory of dreams

suggests that dreams are byproducts of brain activation during REM sleep dreams aren't purposeful

dyssomnia

abnormalities in the amount, quality or timing of sleep

insomnia

most common sleep disorder difficulty falling asleep

narcolepsy

overwhelming sleepiness during waking periods

sleep apnea

people stop breathing during sleep associated with obesity

parasomnia

abnormal behaviours that occur during sleep

somnambulism

sleep waking occurs during slow wave sleep (stage 3)

dissociation theory of hypnosis

suggests that hypnosis is an extreme form of divided consciousness “autopilot”

social influence theory of hypnosis

people do and report what is expected fo them like actors that get caught up in their roles

3 categories of psychoactive drugs

depressants stimulants hallucinogenics

depressants

slow down neural activity e.g. alcohol and opiates

alcohol and REM sleep

alcohol can suppress REM sleep → loss of short term memory stimulates GABA and dopamine systems

stimulants

either increases the release of neurotransmitters, reduces reuptake or both! e.g. caffeine, nicotine and cocaine

hallucinogens

distort perceptions in the absence of any sensory input, creating hallucinations least addictive of the psychoactive drug classes

types of dependence on drugs (2)

psychological: use of drug in response to painful emotions physical dependence: evidenced by withdrawal

alcohol and BP

alcohol abuse is associated with increased baseline blood pressure