Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT > Class Four > Flashcards

Class Four Flashcards

1
Q

neg. consequences of prolonged stress

A

immunosuppression, infertility + hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is appraisal

A

how a stressful event interpreted by an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

three types of stressors

A

catastrophes

significant life changes

daily hassles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of catastrophes

A

unpredictable, large scale events - 9/11

common in refugee camps etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

examples of significant life changes

A

losing a job, death, moving etc.

frequency of these events = high stress, can lead to diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

examples of daily hassles

A

bills, traffic jams etc.

might overwhelm some people more than others - can lead to hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how can stress impair physiological functioning

A

fatigue, decreased concentration, irritability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

stress & learned helplessness

A

stress accompanied by lack of control over stress-inducing events = learned helplessness (exhaustion + lack of belief)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

fight or fight response

A

sympathetic nervous system

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands

increased HR & RR → dulls pain + fast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cognitive system response to stress

A

hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) → stimulates pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

role of ACTH

A

signals to the adrenal gland to release cortisol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is cortisol

A

glucocorticoid → shifts the body from using sugar as energy towards using fat was energy

keeps glucose levels high so the brain can use it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cortisol system is ____ than sympathetic system

A

slower

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when is the cortisol system triggered

A

long term stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

prolonged cortisol release..

A

inhibits the activity of WBCs → increases vulnerability to illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

accidence of stressful situations can lead to..

A

bad habits (smoking, drinking + over eating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

3 clusters of symptoms for PTSD

A

avoidance

hyperarousal

re-experiencing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

aerobic exercise - stress

A

lowers BP, increased neurotransmitters that boost mood (serotonin, endorphins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is biofeedback

A

used to control involuntary autonomic responses - training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is personality

A

individual pattern of thinking, feeling & behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

personality according to psychoanalytic theory

A

shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings & memories

derived from the past - interactions with caregivers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who developed psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is libido

A

life instinct - drives behaviours focused on survival, growth & pleasure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the death instinct drive

A

aggressive behaviours fuelled by an unconscious wish to fie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
psychic energy - 3 personality components
id, ego & superego
26
what is id
it is unconscious - source of energy + instincts seeks to reduce tension, avoid pain & gain pleasure (pleasure principle)
27
young child function entirely with which personality component
id
28
what is ego
ruled by the reality principle - uses logical thinking and planning to control consciousness and id
29
what is superego
inhibits id and influences ego to follow moralistic goals - strives for a higher purpose makes judgments of right and wrong
30
ego defence mechanisms
to cope with anxiety + protect ego these mechanisms unconsciously deny/distort reality
31
five psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latent & genital
32
what happens in the oral stage
child seeks pleasure through sucking and chewing
33
who suggested the sexual energy is present from infancy
Freud
34
what happens in the anal stage
child seeks pleasure though control of elimination
35
what happens in the phallic stage
child seeks pleasure through genitals - attracted to the opposite sex parent and hostile to same sex parents
36
Oedipus complex
boys being attracted to their mom - seeing dad as rival
37
Electra complex
girls being attracted to their dad - mom is rival
38
girls experience penis envy in the..
phallic stage
39
what happens in the latency stage
sexual interests subside + are replaced with school/friend interests
40
what happens in the genital stage
happens in adolescence sexual energy fuels activities (friendships, art, sports etc.)
41
adult personality is determined in which psychosexual stages
first 3 (oral, anal & phallic)
42
how did Erik Erikson add on to Freud's theory
added social and interpersonal factors
43
Erikson's first stage of development
trust vs mistrust if their needs are not met - they will mistrust the world
44
Erikson's second stage of development
autonomy vs shame and doubt making mistakes + explore the world or else they will be dependent in the future
45
Erikson's third stage of development
initiative vs guilt need to be able to make decisions
46
Erikson's forth stage of development
industry vs inferiority setting and meeting personal goals
47
Erikson's fifth stage of development
identity vs role confusion testing limits & knowing their identity and goals
48
Erikson's sixth stage of development
intimacy vs isolation need to be able to form intimate relationships
49
Erikson's seventh stage of development
generativity vs stagnation feeling productive by helping the next generation
50
Erikson's eighth stage of development
integrity vs despair looking back at your life
51
talk therapy is associated with..
psychoanalytic therapy
52
the psychoanalytic theory focuses on..
conflicts & psychopathology
53
humanistic theory focuses on..
healthy personality development humans are inherently good
54
actualizing tendency
innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism
55
self-actualization
realizing one's human potential
56
humanistic theory was developed by..
Carl Rogers
57
when does one feel incongruence
they encounter experiences in life that contradict their self-concepts
58
goal of humanistic therapy
helping clients to trust and accept themselves and their emotional reactions
59
what is personality according to behaviourist perspective
result of learned behaviour patterns based on one's environment
60
classical conditioning
acquiring a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with another stimulus that already produces the desired effect
61
operant conditioning
behaviours are influenced by the consequences that follow them
62
positive reinforcement
presence of rewarding stimulus
63
positive punishment
presence of an aversive stimulus
64
negative reinforcement
absence of aversive stimulus
65
negative punishment
absence of rewarding stimulus
66
behavioural therapy
using conditioning to shape one's behaviours in the desired direction
67
what is personality according to social cognitive perspective
personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioural, cognitive & environmental factors
68
what is observational learning
when one person watches another person's behaviours and its consequences Bobo doll experiment
69
goal of cognitive psychotherapy
help clients become awaits or irrational beliefs and replace them with positive ones
70
surface trait
evident from one's behaviour surface level
71
source traits
factors underlying human personality and behaviour fewer + more abstract
72
who used factor analysis with surface traits
Raymond Cattell
73
factors in the Five Factor Model
extroversion neuroticism openness to experience agreeableness conscientiousness
74
who developed the Five Factor Model
McCrae and Costa
75
what did Hans Eysenck propose
one's level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation extroverts are less easily aroused
76
what did Jeffrey Alan Gray propose
personality is governed by the brain responding to rewarding and punishing stimuli
77
what did C. Robert Cloninger propose
personality is linked to the level of neurotransmitters in the 3 brain systems
78
person-mutation controversy
considers the degree to which a persons reaction is due to their personality or due to the situation
79
factors that influence motivation (4)
instincts drive/negative feedback arousal needs
80
how does instinct influence motivation
behaviours that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species represents the contribution of genes which predispose species to particular behaviours
81
what is a drive
an urge originating from physiological discomfort (e.g hunger)
82
how does arousal influence motivation
someone that isn't stimulated enough will look for something to do someone that is too stimulated will sleep/relax
83
drive reduction theory
physiological need creates an aroused state that drives you to engage in a certain behaviour
84
drive vs incentive
drive: internal physiological need incentive: external stimuli that encourages/discourages behaviour
85
who came up with the hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow
86
top and bottom of Maslow's pyramid
top: self-actualization bottom: physiological needs
87
control center for temperature regulation
hypothalamus
88
intake of fluids is stimulated by..
specialized osmoreceptors in the brain that detect dehydration
89
ABCs of attitude
affect (emotion) behaviour tendencies cognition (thought)
90
principle of aggregation
an attitude affects one's aggregate/average behaviour but not an isolated act
91
Zimbardo's prison study
looks at the power of social roles the guards were violent towards the prisoners
92
public declaration - behaviour influencing attitude
by publicly declaring that you believe something, you can actually begin to believe it (if you say it enough - politician)
93
justification of effort
modifying attitudes to match behaviours
94
cognitive dissonance theory
we feel tension when we hold 2 thoughts that don't match
95
3 components of emotion
physiological (body), behavioural (action) and cognitive (mind)
96
Yerkes-Dodson law
people perform best when they are moderately aroused
97
James Lange theory of emotion
stimulus → physiological response → emotion
98
Cannon-Bard theory of emotion
stimulus → physiological response AND emotion \*simultaneous and independent of each other
99
Schachter-Singer theory of emotion
stimulus → physiological response → cognitive interpretation → emotion
100
what explains the false memory effect
the spread of activation
101
according to Mead, the spontaneous and autonomous part of our unified self is the..
I

Psychology/Sociology - MCAT (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions