class questions Flashcards
(41 cards)
what is reinforcement
Use of rewards and punishments that increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future
what is positive reinforcement
If doing something–good consequences–people will tend
to try to repeat the behavior to receive additional positive consequences give Appetitive stimulus
giving something positive
what is negative reinforcement
If doing something–negative consequences–people will tend to try not to repeat the behavior so they can avoid more negative consequences
Removing something Aversive stimulus, negative
what are the pros and cons of using punishment?
pro
1) Can be successful – control and change negative behaviours
2) Expectation of cooperation and animosity toward wrongdoers
3) Cheating should be punished because of the consequences of
others
4) Cheaters will not have benefit in the long-run
5) Assures others that wrongdoers are held accountable
6) Signal to violators there are consequences to actions
cons
1. Lack of support and relates to negative behaviours (sometimes you cant stop them)
2. Degrading or shame producing –linked to failure or weakness (you should feel shame for failing ?)
3. Fear of failure – motivation – avoid messing up… multiple
consequences (Hot potato effect because no one wants to be in trouble )
4. Create an unpleasant learning environment – only suppressing behaviour not actually removing it
(Under stress the athlete will show the learned behaviour )
how can you maximize positive feedback?
.
what is the relationship between rewards and intrinsic motivation
.
how can you enhance intrinsic motivation
psychological factors affecting motivation include
(a) need for competence (to feel confident and selfefficacious),
(b) need for autonomy (to have input into decisions or in some way “own” them), and
(c) need for relatedness
what is arousal
Continuum of physiological and psychological activation
what is anxiety
Negative/unpleasantemotional/affective state associated with high activation/arousal
what is stress
A substantial imbalance between physical and psychological demands placed on an individual and his or her response capability under conditions in which failure to meet demands has important consequences.
what are the different anxiety measures
– Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2
• Measures Somatic A-State, • Cognitive A-State,
• State Confidence
Sport Anxiety Scale (Smith, Smoll, Schutz, 90)
• Measure three dimensions of CTA
– Somatic A-Trait (9 Items)
– Cognitive/Worry A- Trait (7 items)
– Concentration disruption A- Trait (5 items)
• Tendency to lose focus due to anxiety
how does anxiety affect performance
.
describe and explain different theories of anxiety and performance
- Drive Theory – Spence & Spence, 1966
- Inverted U Theory
- Individual Zones of Optimal Functioning
- Catastrophe Theory
- ReversalTheory
- Anxiety direction and interpretation
understand the stress process
stage 1
Stage 1: Athlete is confronted with an “Environmental Demand”
…demands are placed upon an individual’s physical and psychological capabilities.
what are peers
Individuals of equal standing, whether this is a function of age, or rank, or class
– People of similar athletic capabilities – Starting status
– Experiences regardless of age
what is popularity
Experience of being liked or accepted by one’s peers
– Group-level construct
– Social acceptance, peers status
what is friendship
A history of interactions among individuals who are familiar to one another
what is the positive influences of peer sport
.Focus on intrinsic if you have a positive peer relationship
– Positive feelings toward PA – Higher PA motivation – Higher physical self-worth – Lower stress – Higher self-determined motivation – Continued participation
what is the negative influences of peer sport
– Conflict-can affect motivation and effort or moving from one peer group to another
– Unattractive personal qualities-Don’t feel part of the peer group if you don’t get to have your say. People that are “ me me me me”
– Betrayal-Group will split into two smaller group
Redefine who my personal are, who I compare myself to
Not changing peer groups by choice
– Inaccessibility-You believe is your peer group but they don’t believe you are part of it
Perceive that I am the same as them but they don’t think your the same. Starter but the other starters don’t think your a starter
Differences between boys and girls ( women drag it out more)
what is the relationship between peers and motivation
.
what is the relationship between peers and moral development
.
what is the relationship between peers and
perceived confidence
.
social currency
.
cognitive and somatic anxiety
– Cognitive anxiety: Worry, Self-doubt, Concern, Apprehension
– Somatic Anxiety: Physiological symptoms associated with autonomic nervous system
