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Pathology/ Pathophysiology > Classic Labs/ Findings > Flashcards

Classic Labs/ Findings Flashcards

1
Q

Increased AFP in amniotic fluid or in maternal serum?

A

Dating error, anenchephaly, or spina bifida

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2
Q

Anticentromere antibodies

A

Scleroderma (CREST)

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3
Q

Anti-desmoglein (anti-desmosome) antibodies

A

Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)

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4
Q

Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies

A

Goodpasture syndrome (glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis)

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5
Q

Antihistone antibodies

A

Drug-induced SLE (eg., hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide)

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6
Q

Anti-IgG antibodies

A

Rheumatoid arthritis (systemic inflamation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)

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7
Q

Antimitochondrial antibodies

A

Primary biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal hypertension)

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8
Q

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

A

Microscopic polyangitis and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitis (MPO-ANCA/ p-ANCA); granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/ c-ANCA); primary sclerosing cholangitis (MPO-ANCA/ p-ANCA)

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9
Q

Antinuclear antibodies (anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA)

A

SLE (type III hypersensitivity)

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10
Q

Antiplatelet antibodies

A

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

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11
Q

Anti-toposomerase antibodies

A

Diffuse systemic scleroderma

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12
Q

Anti-transglutaminase/ anti-gliadin/ anti-endomysial antibodies

A

Celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)

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13
Q

“Apple core” lesion on barium enema x-ray

A

Colorectal cancer (usually L sided)

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14
Q

Atypical lymphocytes

A

EBV

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15
Q

Azurophilic peroxidase + granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts

A

Auer rods (AML)

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16
Q

Bacitracin response

A

Sensitive: Group A Strep, Resistant: Group B Strep

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17
Q

“Baboo spine” on x-ray

A

Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis; HLA-B27)

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18
Q

Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs

A

Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or non-functional spleen)

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19
Q

Basophilic stippling of RBCs

A

Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemic

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20
Q

Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture

A

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

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21
Q

“Boot-shaped heart” on x-ray

A

Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)

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22
Q

Branching G+ rods with sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces israelii

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23
Q

Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging

A

Pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain and cause Horner syndrome)

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24
Q

“Brown” tumor of bone

A

Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)

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25
Q

Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy

A

Chagas disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)

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26
Q

Cellular crescents in Bowman capsule

A

Rapidly progressive cresenteric glomerulonephritis

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27
Q

“Chocolate cyst” of ovary

A

Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)

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28
Q

Circular group of dark tumor cells surroundin pale neurofibrils

A

Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma)

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29
Q

Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs

A

Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene)

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30
Q

Decreased AFP in amniotic fluid/ maternal serum

A

Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities

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31
Q

Degeneration of dorsal column fibers

A

Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected)

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32
Q

“Delta wave” on EKG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)

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33
Q

Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum

A

Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucus plugs)

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34
Q

Disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid

A

Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)

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35
Q

Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with “raisinoid” nuclei and hyperchromasia

A

Koilocytes (HPV)

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36
Q

Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)

A

Pericardial tamponade

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37
Q

Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies

A

“Owl-eye” appearance of CMV

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38
Q

Enlarged thyroid cells with ground glass nuclei with central clearing

A

Orphan annie eyes nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)

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39
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell

A

Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)

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40
Q

Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion within neuron bodies

A

Lewy body

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41
Q

Eosinophilic globule in the liver

A

Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever), represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis

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42
Q

Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in the cytoplasm of hippocampal and cerebellar neurons

A

Negri bodies of rabies

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43
Q

Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain

A

Senile plaques (Alzheimer’s)

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44
Q

Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions (owl’s eyes)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)

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45
Q

Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells

A

Schiller-Duval bodies (yolk sac tumor)

46
Q

“Hair on end” (“crew cut”) appearance on x-ray

A

Beta-thalessemia, sickle cell disease (marrow expansion)

47
Q

hCG elevated

A

Choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embyro, and multiple pregnancy)

48
Q

Heart nodules (granulomatous)

A

Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)

49
Q

Heterophile antibodies

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

50
Q

Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle like crystals in bronchial secretions

A

Bronchial astham (Charcot-Leyden crystals; eosinophilic granules)

51
Q

High levels of d-dimer

A

DVT, PE, DIC

52
Q

Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)

A

Ghon complex (Primary TB: mycobacterium bacilli

53
Q

“Honeycomb lung” on x-ray or CT

A

Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

54
Q

Hypercoaguability (leading to migrating DVT and vasculitis)

A

Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)

55
Q

Hypersegmented neutrophils

A

Megaloblastic anemia

56
Q

HTN, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis

A

Primary hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)

57
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia

58
Q

Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies

A

Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or VZV)

59
Q

Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum

A

Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis)

60
Q

Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

61
Q

Large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency

A

Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)

62
Q

“Lead pipe” appearance of colon on abdominal imaging

A

Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)

63
Q

Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membranes

A

Goodpasture syndrome

64
Q

Low serum ceruloplasmin

A

Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)

65
Q

“Lumpy bumpy” appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence

A

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (deposition of IgG, IgM, and C3)

66
Q

Lytic “punched out” bone lesions

A

Multiple myeloma

67
Q

Mammary gland “blue-domed” cyst

A

Fibrocystic change of the breast

68
Q

Monoclonal antibody spike

A

Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA); Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS consequence of aging); Waldenstrom (M protein= IgM) macroglobulinemia; primary amyloidosis

69
Q

Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus

A

“Signet ring” (gastric carcinoma)

70
Q

Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray

A

“String sign” Crohn disease

71
Q

Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA) and Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)

72
Q

Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals

A

Gout (monosodium urate crystals)

73
Q

Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli

A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)

74
Q

Novobiocin response

A

Sensitive: S. epidermidis; resistant: S. saprophyticus

75
Q

“Nutmeg appearance” of liver

A

Chronic passve congestion of liver due to right heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome

76
Q

“Onion skin” periosteal reaction

A

Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)

77
Q

Optochin sensitivity

A

Sensitive: S. pneumoniae; Resistant: Viridins strep

78
Q

Podocyte fusion or effacement on EM

A

Minimal change disease

79
Q

Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein

A

Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease) and Pick bodies (Pick disease)

80
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Meningiomas, papillary thyroid carcinoma, mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma of endometrium and ovary

81
Q

Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

82
Q

Raised periosteum (creating Codman’s triangle)

A

Aggressive bone lesion (eg, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteomyelitis)

83
Q

RBC casts in urine

A

Glomerulonephritis

84
Q

Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells

A

Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)

85
Q

Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia

A

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

86
Q

Renal epithelial casts in urine

A

Intrinsic renal failure

87
Q

Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent

A

Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)

88
Q

Rib notching (inferior surface, on x-ray)

A

Coarctation of the aorta

89
Q

Ring-enhancing brain lesions on CT/MRI in AIDS

A

Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma

90
Q

Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages

A

“Starry sky” histology- Burkitt lymphoma (t[8;14] c-myc activation, assc. with EBV)

91
Q

Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau protein in neurons

A

Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)

92
Q

“Soap bubble” in femur or tibia on x-ray

A

Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)

93
Q

“Spikes” on basement membrane, “dome-like” subepithelial deposits

A

Membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)

94
Q

Stacks of RBCs

A

Rouleaux formation (high ESR, multiple myeloma)

95
Q

“Steeple” sign on frontal CXR

A

Croup (parainfluenza virus)

96
Q

Bacteria-covered vaginal epithelial cells

A

“Clue cells” (Gardenella vaginalis)

97
Q

Strep bovis bacteremia

A

Colon cancer

98
Q

“Tennis-racket”-shaped cytoplasmic organelles in Langerhans cells on EM

A

Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell histiocytosis)

99
Q

Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy

A

Familial adenomatous polyposis (auto dom mutation of APC gene)

100
Q

Thrombi made of white/red layers

A

Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)

101
Q

“Thumb sign” on lateral neck x-ray

A

Epiglottitis (H. influenzae)

102
Q

Thyroid like appearance of kidney

A

Chronic pyelonephritis

103
Q

“tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy

A

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

104
Q

Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles

A

Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)

105
Q

Increased uric acid levels

A

Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop and thiazide diuretics

106
Q

“Waxy” casts with very low urine flow

A

End-stage renal disease

107
Q

WBC cases in urine

A

Acute pyelonephritis

108
Q

WBCs that look “smudged”

A

CLL (almost always B cell)

109
Q

“Wire loop” glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy

A

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with lupus)

110
Q

Yellowish CSF

A

Xanthochromia

Pathology/ Pathophysiology (5 decks)

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