Classic Labs/findings Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Elevated AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
A
Dating error, anencephaly, spina bifida (open neural tube defects)
2
Q
Anticentromere antibodies
A
Scleroderma (CREST Syndrome)
3
Q
Anti-desmoglien (anti-desmosome) antibodies
A
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
4
Q
Anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies
A
Goodpasture Syndrome (glomerulonephritis + hemoptysis)
5
Q
Anti-histone antibodies
A
Drug-induced SLE (hydralazine, isoniazid, procainamide, phenytoin)
6
Q
Anti-IgG antibodies
A
Rheumatoid Arthritis (systemic inflammation, joint pannus, boutonniere deformity)
7
Q
Antimitochondrial antibodies
A
1º biliary cirrhosis (female, cholestasis, portal HTN)
8
Q
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)
A
Microscopic polyangiitis & eosinophilc granulomatosus with polyangiitis (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA)
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (MPO-ANCA/p-ANCA)
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA)
9
Q
Antinuclear antibodies (anti-Smith & anti-dsDNA)
A
SLE (type III hypersensitivity)
10
Q
Antiplatelet antibodies
A
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura
11
Q
Anti-topoisomerase antibodies
A
Diffuse systemic sclerosis
12
Q
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
A
Celiac disease (diarrhea, weight loss)
13
Q
Apple core lesion on barium enema X-ray
A
Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
14
Q
Atypical lymphocytes
A
EBV
15
Q
Azurophilic peroxidase positive granular inclusions in granulocytes & myeloblasts
A
Auer Rods (AML, especially the promyelocytic type)
16
Q
Bacitracin response
A
Sensitive: strep pyogenes (GAS)
Resistant: strep agalactiae (GBS)
17
Q
“Bamboo spine” on xray
A
Ankylosing spondylitis (chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27)
18
Q
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
A
Howell-Jolly bodies (due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen)
19
Q
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
A
Lead poisoning
Sideroblastic anemia
20
Q
Bloody or yellow tap on lumbar puncture
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
21
Q
“Boot-shaped” heart on CXR
A
Tetralogy of Fallot (due to RVH)
22
Q
Branching gram + rods with sulfur granules
A
Actinomyces israelii
23
Q
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
A
Pancoast tumor (can compress cervical sympathetic chain & cause Horner syndrome)
24
Q
“Brown” tumor of bone
A
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color)
25
Cardiomegaly w/ apical atrophy
Chagas Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
26
Cellular crescents in Bowman's capsule
Rapidly progressively crescentic glomerulonephritis
27
"Chocolate cyst" of ovary
Endometriosis (frequently involves both ovaries)
28
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes (neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma)
29
Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas in lungs
Cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive mutation in CFTR gene -> fat-soluble vitamin deficiency & mucous plugs)
30
Low AFP in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities
31
Degeneration of dorsal column fibers
Tabes dorsalis (3º syphilis), subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns, lateral corticospinal, spinocerebellar tracts affected)
32
"Delta wave" on ECG, short PR interval, supraventricular tachycardia
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (Bundle of Kent bypasses AV node)
33
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson disease (basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia)
34
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann spirals (bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucus plugs)
35
Disarrayed granulosa cells arranged around collections of eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies (granulosa cell tumor of the ovary)
36
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with "raisinoid" nuclei & hyper chromasia
Koilocytes (HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer)
37
Electrical alternans (alternating amplitude on EKG)
Pericardial tamponade
38
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
"Owl eye" appearance of CMV
39
Enlarged thyroid cells w/ ground-glass nuclei w/ central clearing
"Orphan Annie eyes" nuclei (papillary carcinoma of the thyroid)
40
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cell
Mallory body (alcoholic liver disease)
41
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in neuron
Lewy body (Parkinson disease or Lewy Body dementia)
42
Eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman body (viral hepatitis, yellow fever); represents hepatocyte undergoing apoptosis
43
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal & cerebellar neurons
Negri bodies of rabies
44
Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques (Alzheimer disease)
45
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei w/ prominent inclusions ("owl's eyes)
Reed-Sternberg cells (Hodgkin lymphoma)
46
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duvall bodies (yolk sac tumor)
47
"Hair on end" ("crew cut") appearance on X-ray
Beta-thalassemia, sickle cell disease (bone marrow expansion)
48
Elevated hCG
Choriocarcinoma, hyatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo, and multiple pregnancy)
49
Heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
50
Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
51
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma (Charcot-Leyden crystals - eosinophilic granules)
52
Elevated D-dimer
DVT, PE, DIC
53
Hilar lymphadenopathy, peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (± calcification)
Ghon complex (1º TB; mycobacterium bacilli)
54
"Honeycomb lung" on CXR or CT
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
55
Hypercoagulability (leading to migrating DVTs & vasculitis)
Trousseau syndrome (adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung)
56
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia (B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms; folate deficiency: no neuro)
57
Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis
1º hyperaldosteronism (Conn syndrome)
58
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning, thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin may still be present)
59
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or VZV)
60
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies (asbestosis: increased risk of lung chancer)
61
Keratin pearls on skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
62
Large granules in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chediak-Higashi disease (congenital failure of phagolysosome formation)
63
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on abdominal imaging
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
64
Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular and alveolar basement membrane
Goodpasture syndrome
65
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
66
"Lumpy bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (due to deposition of IgG, IgM, C3)
67
Lytic ("punched out") bone lesions on xray
Multiple myeloma
68
Mammary gland ("blue domed") cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
69
Monoclonal antibody spike
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Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)
Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; consequence of aging)
Waldenström (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia
Primary amyloidosis
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70
Mucin-filled cell with peripheral nucleus
Signet ring cell (gastric carcinoma)
71
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium xray
"String sign" (Crohn disease)
72
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) & necrotizing glomerulonephritis
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Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener; PR3-ANCA/c-ANCA positive)
Goodpasture syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
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73
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (monosodium urate crystals)
74
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
75
Novobiocin response
Sensitive: S. epidermidis
Resistant: S. saprophyticus
76
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to R heart failure or Budd-Chiari syndrome
77
"Onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing sarcoma (malignant small blue cell tumor)
78
Optochin sensitivity
Sensitive: S. pneumoniae
Resistant: viridans streptococci (S. mutans, S. sanguis)
79
Podocyte fusion or effacement on electron microscopy
Minimal change disease (child w/ nephrotic syndrome)
80
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of tau protein
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Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer disease)
Pick bodies (Pick disease)
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81
Psammoma bodies
Meningiomas
Papillary thyroid cancer
Mesothelioma
Papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium & ovary
82
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
83
Raised periosteum (creating a "Codman triangle")
Aggressive bone lesion (eg. osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, osteomyelitis)
84
RBC casts in urine
Glomerulonephritis
85
Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
86
Recurrent infections, eczema, thrombocytopenia
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
87
Renal epithelial cells in urine
Intrinsic renal failure (ischemia, toxic injury)
88
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout (calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals)
89
Rib notching (interior surface, on xray)
Coarctation of the aorta
90
Ring-enhancing brain lesions on CT/MRI in AIDS patient
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
91
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells w/ scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("starry sky" histology)
Burkitt lymphoma (t(8;14) c-myc activation, associated w/ EBV; "starry sky" made up of malignant cells)
92
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies (Pick disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality)
93
"Soap bubble" in femur or tibia on xray
Giant cell tumor of the bone (generally benign)
94
"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome-like" subepithelial deposits
Membranous nephropathy (nephrotic syndrome)
95
Stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux formation (high ESR; multiple myeloma)
96
"Steeple" sign on frontal CXR
Croup (parainfluenza virus)
97
Bacteria-covered vaginal epithelial cells
Clue cells (gardnerella vaginalis)
98
Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
Colon cancer
99
"Tennis racket" -shaped cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules (Langerhans cell hisiocytosis)
100
Thousands of polyps on colonoscopy
Familial adenomatous polyposus (autosomal dominant, mutation of APC gene)
101
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn (arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs)
102
"Thumb sign" on lateral neck xray
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
103
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic pyelonephritis (usually due to recurrent infections)
104
"Tram-track" appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
105
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
106
Elevated uric acid levels
Gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, tumor lysis syndrome, loop & thiazide diuretics
107
"Waxy" casts with very low urine flow
Chronic end-stage renal disease
108
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
109
WBCs that look "smudged"
CLL (almost always B cell)
110
"Wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (usually seen with Lupus)
111
Yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia (eg. due to subarachnoid hemorrhage)
