Key Associations Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Actinic (solar) keratosis
A
Precursor to squamous cell carcinoma
2
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ CNS injury
A
Cushing ulcer (elevated ICP stimulates vagal gastric H+ secretion)
3
Q
Acute gastric ulcer associated w/ severe burns
A
Curling ulcer (greatly reduced plasma volume results in sloughing of gastric mucosa)
4
Q
Age range for patient with... ALL CLL AML CML
A
ALL: child
CLL: adult > 60
AML: adult ~65
CML: adult 45-85
5
Q
Alternating areas of transmural inflammation & normal colon
A
Crohn disease (skip lesions)
6
Q
Aortic aneurysm, abdominal
A
Atherosclerosis
7
Q
Aortic aneurysm, ascending arch
A
3º syphilis (sypilitic aortitis)
Vasa vasorum destruction
8
Q
Aortic aneurysm, thoracic
A
Marfan syndrome (idiopathic cystic medial degeneration)
9
Q
Aortic dissection
A
Hypertension
10
Q
Atrophy of the mammillary bodies
A
Wernicke encephalopathy (thiamine deficiency causing ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, confusion)
11
Q
Autosplenectomy (fibrosis & shrinkage)
A
Sickle cell disease (HbS)
12
Q
Bacterium associated w/ gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric malignancies (adenocarcinoma, MALT)
A
H. pylori
13
Q
Bacterial meningitis (adults & elderly)
A
S. pneumoniae
14
Q
Bacterial meningitis (newborns)
A
Group B streptococcus, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes
15
Q
Bacterial meningitis (kids)
A
S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis
16
Q
Bilateral ovarian metastases from gastric carcinoma
A
Krukenburg tumor (mucin-secreting signet ring cells)
17
Q
Bleeding disorder with Gp1b deficiency
A
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (defect in platelet adhesion to von Willebrand factor)
18
Q
Brain tumor (adults)
A
Supratentorial: metastasis, astrocytoma (including GBM), meningioma, schwannoma
19
Q
Brain tumor (kids)
A
Infratentorial: medulloblastoma (cerebellum)
Supratentorial: craniopharyngioma
20
Q
Breast cancer
A
Invasive ductal carcinoma
21
Q
Breast mass
A
Fibrocystic change, carcinoma (in postmenopausal women)
22
Q
Breast tumor (benign, young woman)
A
Fibroadenoma
23
Q
Cardiac 1º tumor in kids
A
Rhabdomyoma, often seen in tuberous sclerosis
24
Q
Cardiac manifestation of lupus
A
Marantic/thrombotic endocarditis (non-bacterial)
25
Cardiac tumor (adults)
Metastasis, myxoma (90% in left atrium, "ball valve")
26
Cerebellar tonsillar herniation
Chiari I malformation
27
Chronic arrhythmia
Atrial fibrillation (associated w/ high risk of emboli)
28
Chronic atrophic gastritis (autoimmune)
Predisposition to gastric carcinoma (can also cause pernicious anemia)
29
Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
DES exposure in utero
30
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, hypotension
21-hydroxylase deficiency
31
Congenital cardiac anomaly
VSD
32
Congenital conjugated hyperbilirubnemia (black liver)
Dubin-Johnson syndrome (inability of hepatocytes to secrete conjugated bili into bile)
33
Constrictive pericarditis
TB (developing world)
| Idiopathic, viral illness (developed world)
34
Cretinism
Iodine deficit/congenital hypothyroidism
35
Cushing syndrome
Iatrogenic (corticosteroid use)
Adrenocortical adenoma (secretes excess cortisol)
ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma (Cushing disease)
Paraneoplastic (due to ACTH secretion by tumor)
36
Cyanosis (neonatal; less common)
Tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of great vessels, truncus arteriosus
37
Death in CML
Blast crisis
38
Death in SLE
Lupus nephropathy
39
Dementia
Alzheimer disease, multiple infarcts (vascular dementia)
40
Demyelinating disease in young women
Multiple sclerosis
41
DIC
Severe sepsis, obstetric complications, cancer, burns, trauma, major surgery, acute pancreatitis, APL
42
Diverticulum in pharynx
Zenker diverticulum (diagnosed on barium swallow)
43
Ejection click
Aortic stenosis
44
Esophageal cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma (worldwide)
| Adenocarcinoma (US)
45
Food poisoning (exotoxin mediated)
S. aureus, B. cereus
46
Gastric cancer
Adenocarcinoma
47
Glomerulonephritis (adults)
Berger disease (IgA nephropathy)
48
Gynecologic malignancy
```
Endometrial carcinoma (most common in US)
Cervical carcinoma (most common worldwide)
```
49
Heart murmur, congenital
Mitral valve prolapse
50
Heart valve in bacterial endocarditis
Mitral > aortic (rheumatic fever)
| Tricuspid (IV drug use)
51
Helminth infection (USA)
Ascaris lumbricoides
52
Epidural hematoma
Rupture of middle meningeal artery (trauma; lens-shaped)
53
Subdural hematoma
Rupture of bridging veins (crescent-shaped)
54
Hemochromatosis
Multiple blood transfusions or hereditary HFE mutation (can result in heart failure, "bronze diabetes," increased risk of HCC)
55
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhotic liver (associated w/ HepB, HepC, alcoholism)
56
Hereditary bleeding disorder
von Willebrand disease
57
Hereditary harmless jaundice
Gilbert syndrome (benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia)
58
HLA-B27
Psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD-associated arthritis, reactive arthritis (Reiter syndrome)
59
HLA-DR3
T1DM, SLE, Graves disease, Hashimoto thyroiditis (also associated with HLA-DR5), Addison disease
60
HLA-DR4
T1DM, rheumatoid arthritis, Addison disease
61
Holosystolic murmur
VSD, tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation
62
Hypercoagulability, endothelial damage, blood stasis
Virchow triad (increased risk of thrombosis)
63
Hypertension, 2º
Renal artery stenosis, chronic kidney disease (eg. polycystic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy), hyperaldosteronism
64
Hypoparathyroidism
Accidental excision during thyroidectomy
65
Hypopituitarism
Pituitary adenoma (usually benign tumor)
66
Infection 2º to blood transfusion
Hepatitis C
67
Infections in chronic granulomatous disease
S. aureus, E. coli, Aspergillus (catalase +)
68
Intellectual disability
Down syndrome, Fragile X syndrome
69
Kidney stones
Calcium = radiopaque
Struvite (ammonium) = radiopaque (formed by urease + organisms (Klebsiella, Proteus, S. saprophyticus))
Uric acid = radiolucent
Cysteine = radiolucent
70
Late cyanotic shunt (uncorrected left to right becomes right to left)
Eisenmenger syndrome (caused by ASD, VSD, PDA; results in pulmonary hypertension, polycythemia)
71
Liver disease
Alcoholic cirrhosis
72
Lysosomal storage disease
Gaucher disease
73
Malignancy associated w/ non-infectious fever
Hodgkin Lymphoma
74
Malignancy (kids)
Leukemia, brain tumors
75
Metastases to bone
Prostate, breast > lung, thyroid, kidney
76
Metastases to brain
Lung > breast > prostate > melanoma > GI
77
Metastases to liver
Colon >> stomach > pancreas
78
Microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
79
Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
80
Mitral valve stenosis
Rheumatic heart disease
81
Mixed (UMN & LMN) motor neuron disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
82
Myocarditis
Coxsackie B
83
Nephrotic syndrome (adults)
Membranous nephropathy
84
Nephrotic syndrome (kids)
Minimal change disease
85
Neuron migration failure
Kallman syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism + anosmia)
86
Nosocomial pneumonia
S. aureus, Pseudomonas, other enteric gram – rods
87
Obstruction of male urinary tract
BPH
88
Opening snap
Mitral stenosis
89
Opportunistic infection in AIDS
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
90
Osteomyelitis
S. aureus (most common overall)
91
Osteomyelitis in sickle cell disease
Salmonella
92
Osteomyelitis w/ IV drug use
Pseudomonas, Candida, S. aureus
93
Ovarian tumor (benign, bilateral)
Serous cystadenoma
94
Ovarian tumor (malignant)
Serous cystadenocarcinoma
95
Pancreatitis (acute)
Gallstones, alcohol
96
Pancreatitis (chronic)
Alcohol (adults), cystic fibrosis (kids)
97
Pelvic inflammatory disease
C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae
98
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22) BCR-ABL
CML (less often associated w/ ALL, AML)
99
Pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma, somatotropic adenoma
100
1º amenorrhea
Turner syndrome (45,XO; 45,XO/46,XX mosaic)
101
1º bone tumor (adults)
Multiple myeloma
102
1º hyperaldosteronism
Adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma
103
1º hyperparathyroidism
Adenomas, hyperplasia, carcinoma
104
1º liver cancer
Hepatocellular carcinoma (chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, hemochromatosis, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, Wilson disease)
105
Pulmonary hypertension
Idiopathic, heritable, left heart disease (HF), lung disease (COPD), hypoxemic vasoconstriction (OSA), thromboembolic (PE)
106
Recurrent inflammation/thrombosis of small/medium vessels in extremities
Buerger disease (strongly associated w/ tobacco)
107
Refractory peptic ulcers & high gastrin levels
Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (gastronome of duodenum or pancreas), associated w/ MEN1
108
Renal tumor
Renal cell carcinoma: associated with von Hippel-Lindau & cigarette smoking; paraneoplastic syndromes (EPO, renin, PTHrP, ACTH)
109
Right heart failure due to pulmonary cause
Cor pulmonale
110
S3 heart sound
Increased ventricular filling pressure (mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles
111
S4 heart sound
Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy)
112
2º hyperparathyroidism
Hypocalcemia of chronic kidney disease
113
Sexually transmitted disease
C. trachomatis (often connected with N. gonorrhoeae)
114
SIADH
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
115
Site of diverticula
Sigmoid colon
116
Sites of atherosclerosis
Abdominal aorta > coronary artery > popliteal artery > carotid artery
117
t(14;18)
Follicular lymphomas (BCL-2 activation, anti-apoptotic oncogene)
118
t(8;14)
Burkitt lymphoma (c-myc fusion, transcription factor oncogene)
119
t(9;22)
Philadelphia chromosome, CML (BCR-ABL activation, tyrosine kinase oncogene)
120
Temporal arteritis
Risk of ipsilateral blindness due to occlusion of ophthalmic artery; polymyalgia rheumatica
121
Testicular tumor
Seminoma (malignant, radiosensitive), elevated placental ALP
122
Thyroid cancer
Papillary carcinoma (childhood irradiation)
123
Tumor in women
Leiomyoma (estrogen dependent, not cancerous)
124
Tumor of infancy
Strawberry hemangioma (grows rapidly then regresses spontaneously by childhood)
125
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (adults)
Pheochromocytoma (usually benign)
126
Tumor of the adrenal medulla (kids)
Neuroblastoma (malignant)
127
Type of Hodgkin lymphoma
Nodular sclerosing (vs. mixed cellularity, lymphocytic predominance, lymphocytic depletion)
128
Type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
129
UTI
E. coli, staph saprophyiticus (young women)
130
Vertebral compression fracture
Osteoporosis (Type I = postmenopausal woman; Type II = elderly man or woman)
131
Viral encephalitis affecting temporal lobe
HSV-1
132
Vitamin deficiency (USA)
Folate (pregnant women are at high risk; body stores only 3-4 month supply; prevents neural tube defects)
