Clicker Qs & Last Min. Material Flashcards
1
Q
What major tissue group do ducts of glands belong to?
A
- Epithelial
2
Q
What major tissue group does skin belong to?
A
- Epithelial and CT
3
Q
What major tissue group does lining of blood and lymphatic vessels belong to?
A
Epithelium
4
Q
What major tissue group does fat belong to?
A
CT
5
Q
What major tissue group do red and white blood cells belong to?
A
CT
6
Q
What major tissue group do kidney tubules belong to?
A
Epithelium
7
Q
What major tissue group does cartilage belong to?
A
CT
8
Q
What major tissue group do tendon and ligaments belong to?
A
CT
9
Q
- Phase Contrast Microscope uses:
- Fluorescence Microscope uses:
- Confocal Scanning uses:
- TEM uses:
A
- living cells, unstained cells & tissues
- Detect induced flourescence; UV (Ag/Ab)
- 3D Images
- Beam of electrons
10
Q
Major steps for tissue fixation (4) For Dehydrating Overton, Erin!
A
- Fixing
- Dehydration
- OH Removal
- Embedding
11
Q
What is H&E stain and what do they display
A
- Display structural features
- Hematoxylin = base; stains nucleus, RER, etc. purple color
- Eosin = acid; stains cytoplasmic material pink
12
Q
What type of dye is Toluidine blue and how does it work?
A
- Basic Dye
- Binds to basophilic material
- Binds DNA and RNA
- Binds anionic groups (Phosphate, Sulfate, Carbonyl)
- Nature depends upon pH; low pH binds all groups
- Metachromasia dye - changes color after reacting w/ tissue component i.e. cartilage ground substance, mast cell granules
13
Q
How do acidic dyes work?
A
- Forms electrostatic linkages with cationic groups; amino groups of proteins
- Ex: Aniline blue, Orange G, Mallory’s triple stain
- Reacts with acidophilic tissue components
14
Q
An example of a Schiff reagent reaction is? What components do they react with?
A
- PAS (Periodic acid-Schiff reaction)
- A Histochemical staining technique
- Forms aldehyde groups = deep pink color (cleaves Cs of carbs)
- Proteoglycans, Glycogen, Glycosaminoglycans, Glycoproteins, Glycolipids
15
Q
What is immunocytochemical staining used?
A
- Study the presence of Ag via monoclonal Antibodies
- Via direct labeling (Ab are conjugated w/ fluorescent dye to make visible marker) or indirect labeling (marker attached to 2nd Ab specific to another Ab that is used to locate the Ag of interest; secondary usually used from an animal)
16
Q
What components are in the basal lamina?
A
- Type IV Collagen
- Glycoproteins = PAS+
17
Q
What does the reticular lamina consist of?
A
- Reticular fibers
- Glycoproteins
18
Q
3 Functions of BM
A
- Filtration barrier
- Tissue shape stabilization
- Embryogenesis and regeneration
19
Q
What are the 3 surface modifications of epithelium?
A
- Cilia
- Stereocilia
- Microvilli/brush border
20
Q
Locations of simple squamous epithelium
A
- Lumina = tubular, vessels, ducts
- Walls = kidney, lungs and ear (Bowman’s, alveoli, labyrinth and tympanic membrane)
21
Q
Locations of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
A
- Ducts and Glands D&G
- Lens and retina
- Bronchioles
- Kidney tubules
- Ovary
- Choroid plexus
22
Q
Locations of Simple Columnar Epithelium
A
- Microvilli = intestine
- Ciliated = Upper resp. tract, uterine tubes, uterus, sinus, spinal cord
- Nonciliated = digestive tract, gall bladder, excretory ducts
23
Q
Locations of Stratified Squamous
A
- Heavily Keratinized - skin (epidermis), cornea
- Lightly/Non Keratinized - Vagina, mouth, epiglottis
24
Q
Locations of Stratified Cuboidal
A
- Seldom!!
- Male urethra
25
Locations of Stratified Columnar
* Rare - Male reproductive & urinary tract
* Pharynx
* Epiglottis
* Sweat glands
26
Simple, non-ciliated columnar epithelium is most likely to be found associated with which of the following?
* Urinary tract
* Digestive tract
* Respiratory tract
* Integument
Digestive tract
27
Junctional complexes are associated with which cellular domains?
* Apical
* Basolateral
* Basal only
* Lateral only
Basolateral
28
Although not common, stratified cuboidal epithelium may be found in which of the following areas?
* Vaginal epithelium
* Part of male urethra
* Urinary bladder
* Kidney tubules
Part of male urethra
29
Lightly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is characteristic of which of the following locations?
* Vaginal epithelium
* Part of male urethra
* Urinary bladder
* Kidney tubules
Vaginal epithelium
30
Function of Adherins
* **Adhere** (anchor) cells together; maintain physical integrity
* Found on basolateral surface
31
Function of Occludens
**Occlude/block** paracellular transport
Maintains [differences]
32
Function of gap junctions
* Allow ion and small molecule exchange
33
Types of adherins? (2)
1. Zona Adherin = **actin** (desmogleins and desmocollins)
2. Macula Adherin = **Intermediate filaments/tonofilaments**
34
Type of Occluden
* Zonula Occluden (tight junction)
* Belt-like
* Associated with ZO proteins, JAMs, Nectin
35
Types of Gap Junctions (2)
1. Zonula - belt-like = **intracellular actin**
2. Macula = spot/snap-like
1. Desmo/Hemidesmosomes = **intracellular intermediate filaments/tonofilaments**
36
What is Pemphigus foliaceus involved with?
An autoantibody created against either Desmogleins 1&2 in epidermis - skin easily sloughed off
37
The basal lamina is associated with which of collagen?
* Type I
* Type II
* Type IV
* Type VII
Type IV
38
Which of the following types of cell adhesion molecules is associated with Zona Occludens and desmosomes?
* Cadherines
* Integrins
* Selectins
* Ig Superfamily
Cadherins
39
Desmocollins and desomgleins belong to which of the following groups of CAMs?
* Cadherins
* Integrins
* Selectins
* Ig Superfamily
Cadherins
40
Which of the following serves as a major interface between the cadherins that hold adjacent cells together and their actin cytoskeleton?
* Proteoglycans
* Catenins
* Laminins
* Keratins
Catenins
41
The ECM domain of which of the following bind to molecules in the ECM such as fibronectin and laminin?
* Cadherins
* Integrins
* Selectins
* Ig Superfamily
Integrins
42
Which of the following are molecular complexes that anchor cells together and reinforce the physical integrity of tissues and the cells that make up the tissues?
* Zonula adherins
* Zonula occludens
* Hemidesmosomes
* Connexons
Zonula adherins
43
Which of the following are molecule complexes that primarily serve to prevent paracellular tranposrt?
* Zonula adherins
* Zonula occludens
* Hemidesmosomes
* Connexons
Zonula occludens
44
Components of Microvilli
Actin crossed link by **villin and fimbrin**
45
Function of Formin
Caps distal end of intermediate filament and regulates assembly at barbed end
46
Cilia Structure
9 peripheral doublets and central pair of microtubules
Each doublet has an alpha and beta tubule containing protofilaments
47
Which cytoskeletal components partake in treadmilling?
* Microtubules and actin microfilaments
48
What are the 3 cytoskeleton components?
1. Actin Microfilaments
2. Intermediate filaments
3. Microtubules
49
Which cytoskeletal component displays polarity?
Actin microfilament
Actin monomers are oriented in the same direction
50
What are Cytochalasins?
Drugs that binds to barbed ends of microfilaments
Blocks elongation and can inhibit cellular movements
51
What is thymosin?
Captures actin monomers and prevents actin monomer polymerization
52
Function of Arp 2/3
Initiates F-actin growth from the existing filament = branching
53
Colchincines function
Inhibit microtubule polymerization
54
Taxol function
Stabilize microtubules by preventing depolymerization
55
Functions of the Cytoskeleton (7)
1. Phagocytosis
2. Support and Strength
3. Cytokinesis
4. Mitotic spindle formation
5. Cell movement
6. Cell/Cell and Cell/matrix adherence
7. Changes to cell shape
56
Myosin I (# heads, tail, head, direction)
Cargo movement
* 1 head
* Head binds to Actin
* Tail binds to cell membrane
* Towards **barbed end**
57
Myosin II (# heads, head, tail, direction)
* 2 heads
* Head binds to Actin
* Tail binds to Myosin II
* Moves towards **barbed end**
* Contraction; movement
58
Kinesin (# heads, head, tail, movement)
* Two Heads
* Head binds to Vesicle
* Tail binds to Microtubule
* Moves towards **Plus end**
* Vesicle transport
59
Cytoplasmic dynein (# heads, head, tail, movement)
* Two heads
* Head binds to Vesicle
* Tail binds to Microtubule
* Moves towards **Minus end**
* Cargo movement
60
Types of exocrine glands (6)
1. Pancreas
2. Liver
3. Sebaceous
4. Mammary
5. Sweat
6. Salivary
61
Endocrine gland examples (8)
1. Pancreas
2. Liver
3. Gonads
4. Adrenals
5. Pituitary
6. Thyroid
7. Pineal
8. Parathyroids
62
Endocrine glands secrete and lack what structure:
Hormones directly into the blood
Lack ducts
63
3 ways glands are classified as:
1. Number of cells comprising the gland
2. Absence/Presence of ductal branching
3. Shape of secretory portion
64
Merocrine secretion
Secretory product is released via exocytosis/endocytosis cycle (cell is not damaged)
Most glands
65
Apocrine secretion
Apical cytoplasm is released with the secretory product
Ex: axillary sweat glands
66
Holocrine Secretion
Entire cell is released with secretory product
High mitotic activity required to restore lost cells
Ex: Sebaceous glands
67
Intralobular ducts (2 types)
Located within a lobule
2 types: Intercalated ducts = drain secretory acini (simple squamous) - bicarbonate/Cl- ion exchange
Striated duct = reabsorb Na+ ions, Cl- and secrete K+
68
Interlobular ducts
Found between lobules (formed by multiple striated ducts)
69
Parenchyma
Parts of glands derived from epithelium
70
Stroma
CT surrounding entire gland and separating the lobules and lobes
71
Lobes and lobules are divided into subdivisions via:
Septa (trabeculae)
72
Major difference between CT and epithelial cells
Few cells; mainy contain matrix with protein fibers
73
Types of adult CT
1. Elastic
2. Reticular
3. Loose
4. Dense
74
Special type of CT
1. Adipose
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Hematopoietic
75
Which type of adult CT predominately contain collagen fibers?
Dense CT
76
Which adult CT predominately contain reticular fibers?
Reticular CT
77
Which CT predominately contains Elastic fibers
Elastic CT
78
Which CT contains both collagen and elastic fibers
Loose CT
79
Where is Wharton's jelly found?
umbilical cord and pulp of developing teeth; contain some collagen and EF but mostly extracellular matrix
80
Types of cells in loose/areolar CT
Fibroblasts, mast cells, MO and capillaries
81
Where are dense regular CT found?
Tendons and ligaments
82
Where are loose/areolar CT found
Beneath epithelial tissues of most ogans and tunica adventitia of blood vessels
83
Where is dense irregular CT found
Fascia, submucosa of GI tracts and dermis of integument
84
One unique characteristic of elastic fibers
In the walls of blood vessels, elastic fibers are produced by smooth muscle cells rather than fibroblasts
85
Reticular and Dense CT are both
A type of dense irregular CT
86
Brown fat characteristics
* Multilocular
* More cytoplasm
* Abundant mitochondria = brown color
87
Mesenchymal cells can differentiate into:
* Fibroblasts
* White adipose tissue
* Brown adipose tissue
88
The cleavage of the non-helical terminal ends of pro-collagen converting it into tropocollagen occurs where?
In the RER prior to enclosure into secretory vesicles
In the cytoplasm prior to secretion
Immediately after secretion
After the tropocollagen has been polyermized into colalgen fibrils but before the fibrils have been assembled into fibers
After the collagen fibers have been assembled into fibers
Immediately after secretion
89
What are the principle cells found in the CT?
Fibroblasts and fibrocytes
90
What are the resident cells?
MO
Mast cells
Plasma cells
91
What are mast cells stained with
Toluidine blue; contain large metachromatic granules w/ histamine
92
