Climate 1

Question 1

Weather definition, what it involves

Answer 1

State of atmosphere, particular place, short time
- air temperature
- cloud cover
- precipitation
- wind speed, direction

day-to-day changes
more spontaneous changes

Question 2

Climate defintion, what it involves

Answer 2

Average state, atmospheres, particular place, >25yrs
- tropical equatorial
- tropical monsoon
- cool temperate

longer term
more consistent

Question 3

tropical equatorial climate characteristics

equator

Answer 3

• generally high temp (27deg)
• small annual temp range, 2-3deg
• > 2000m annual precipitation, even rainfall

singapore got no season

Question 4

tropical monsoon climate characteristics

Answer 4

• 25deg
• 3-4deg
• 1500mm
• distinct wet, dry seasons

all other points same as tropical equatorial
these countries have seasons

Question 5

cool temperature climate

all seasons

Answer 5

• 4 distinct seasons
• 21deg annual temp range
• 300-900mm annual precipitation
• even rainfall

Question 6

location tropical equatorial climate

Answer 6

10deg North
10deg South
equator

Question 7

location tropical monsoon climate

Answer 7

5deg North
30deg North

5deg South
30deg South
equator

Question 8

location cool temperate climate

Answer 8

45deg North
60deg South

45deg South
60deg North
equator

Question 9

what does climograph show

Answer 9

avg monthly temp, rainfall (1yr)

Question 10

wat cause climatic hazards
their impact

Answer 10

• natural, human induce
• weather patterns, predictable -> unpredictable (many places)
• extreme weather event

Natural, human system significant

Question 11

how does air temp vary

Answer 11

in a day / in a year

in a day
day/night

in a year
seasons

Question 12

air temp variation in 1 day

more minute changes,
usually occur day/night

Answer 12

Earth’s rotation on own axis

1 complete rotation = about 24h

Question 13

Different tropics/regions, Earth

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12rAwkWXiw5RGFDGpRY3RhY_ab2Cs2ZpI7u36Bog2OvM/edit?tab=t.0 page 9

Answer 13

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12rAwkWXiw5RGFDGpRY3RhY_ab2Cs2ZpI7u36Bog2OvM/edit?tab=t.0 page 10

Question 14

How does air temp work in relation 2 rotation of Earth?

Answer 14

1. earth rotate, side face Sun, day, recieve solar radiation, experience higher temp
2. side eventually face away, rotation, dosent recieve solar radiation experience night time, experience lower temp

Question 15

3 diff times of day

Answer 15

• midday
• before, after midday
• before sunrise

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12rAwkWXiw5RGFDGpRY3RhY_ab2Cs2ZpI7u36Bog2OvM/edit?tab=t.0 page 11

Question 16

Midday
1. sun position
2. solar radiation
3. temperature

over year
revolutions + seasons

Answer 16

1. directly overhead
2. smaller surface area hit, more concentrated
3. highest of whole day

SG

23-25-31-33

Question 17

before, after midday
1. sun position
2. solar radiation
3. temperature

Answer 17

1. not directly overhead
2. larger surface area hit, less concentrated
3. lower than midday

SG

23-25-31-33

Question 18

before sunrise
1. sun position
2. solar radiation
3. temperature

aka night

Answer 18

2. does not recieve solar radiation, loses heat for longest time, form of longwave radiation
3. lowest

SG

23-25-31-33
longwave radiation emitted from ground

Question 19

air temp variations (year) cause

aka seasons

Answer 19

• earth revolution arnd sun
• 23.5deg Earth axis tilt
• hemispheres recieve diff amt solar radiation across yr

Question 20

Template for Temperature at different seasons.

Answer 20

1. At month, N/S/Neither Hemisphere
   leans towards Sun
2. higher/lower direct solar radiation
3. experience hotter/colder/moderate temp
4. NH (spring/autumn), SH (autumn/spring)
5. tropics near equator, direct solar radiation, high temperatures throughout year
6. temp variations more significant, places outside tropics

Step 2 if Summer/Winter
Step 4 if Autumn/Spring

June: NH lean towards Sun
Dec: SH learn towards Sun
Rest months (Sept, March) Neither

Question 21

relative humidity calculation

Answer 21

Amt water vapor (g)/(max water (g) air can hold at that temp) * 100%

Question 22

1 type of cloud in syllabus

Answer 22

Culmulonimbus clouds

Question 23

describe how diff latitude -> diff temp

Answer 23

Global scale, higher latitude, temp lower
1. Earth spherical shape, solar angle, varies, different parts, Earth
2. higher latitude, smaller solar angle, solar radiation less direct, spread over large area, lower temp

solar angle -> angle in which Sun rays strike Earth surface

Question 24

desc different altitude -> different temp

Answer 24

local scale, higher altitude lower temp
1. gravity pull most air molecules -> ground surface
2. lower air density, pressure at higher altitude
3. less air molecules absorb, radiate heat

Question 25

define relative humidity

Answer 25

1. ratio amt water vapor in air to maximum amt of water vapor air can hold in certain temp 2. temp increases, amt water vapor, air can hold increase, Rh decrease 3. evaporation -> more water vapor added 4. Rh 100%, max amt water vapor attained, air saturated -> condensation ## Footnote Amt water vapor (g)/(max water (g) air can hold at that temp) * 100% Rh affected by temp.

Question 26

how are clouds formed

Answer 26

1. air rises up atmosphere, cools, reduce amt water vapor, can hold 2. amt water vapor air, exceed max amt water vapor air, hold, saturated air, 100% Rh 3. **dew point temp**, air condense, water droplets, condensation nuclei (i.e. ash particles from volcano) 4. water vapor -> solid ice crystals, form clouds

Question 27

water cycle

Answer 27

recycle water btwn atmosphere, Earth surface - Sun's heat, water, water bodies evaporate - plants -> water vapor, transpiration - water vapor rise, atmosphere, cool, condense, condensation nuclei, dew pt temp -> clouds - water droplets, clouds, big, heavy enf, fall ground -> precipitation (i.e. snow) - water, ground surface inflitrates subsurface soil - water flows over ground surface, surface runoff, enter bodies of water - below earth surface, groundwater moves horizontally above impermeable rock ## Footnote https://docs.google.com/document/d/12rAwkWXiw5RGFDGpRY3RhY_ab2Cs2ZpI7u36Bog2OvM/edit?tab=t.0 page 11

Question 28

rate of water movement what changes it

Answer 28

1. type soil - more water infiltrate in large pore soil (sandey v clayey soil) 2. built-up area - concrete, tiny pores 3. presence natural vegetation - roots, plants loosen soil, more open space, faster groundwater movement, infiltration - surface runoff slower, stems, roots, plants, act, obstruction, increase surface roughness

Question 29

relief rain formation

Answer 29

1. prevailing winds pick up moisture, sea, push moist air up windward side mountain 2. rising moist air cools, condenses, condensation nuclei, dew pt temp, clouds 3. water droplets clouds coalasce, collide, when large, heavy enf, fall -> ground as rain, windward side 4. most moisture fall, windward side, leeward side, descending air, dry

Question 30

convectional rain, sg

Answer 30

1. in day, heat from Sun, absorbed by land, air above it warm 2. warm air rises -> atmosphere, cools, condenses, dew pt temp, condensation nuclei 3. water droplets, clouds, collide, coalesce, large, heavy enf, fall -> ground 4. sometimes, rain drops break apart as they fall ## Footnote freq afternoon thunderstorms, sg

Question 31

wind speed

Answer 31

depends on 1. strength, pressure gradient 2. friction - moving air, variations, Earth topography, increase frictional drag - uneven relief n rough surfaces on land, greatest frict. drag (**valleys, mountains**)

Question 32

land breeze

Answer 32

1. night, sea, land lose heat, longwave radiation 2. sea n air above it lose heat slowly, warmer air less dense, rises, form lower pressure in air over sea 3. land n air above it lose heat quickly, colder air denser, sinks, form higher pressure in air over land 4. air move down pressure gradient, land -> sea ## Footnote water has high heat cap., hence need more effort to change temp of water BOTH LAND AND SEA BREEZES ARE **LOCAL** WINDS!

Question 33

wind formation

Answer 33

1. horizontal movement, air across Earth surface 2. occurs due 2 unequal distribution, air temp -> unequal distribution, air pressure 3. place w/ lower temperature, air cools, sinks, result area, high air pressure 4. place w/ higher temperature, air heats up, rises, result area, low air pressure 5. air move, higher pressure region -> lower pressure region, **fill void** ## Footnote https://docs.google.com/document/d/12rAwkWXiw5RGFDGpRY3RhY_ab2Cs2ZpI7u36Bog2OvM/edit?tab=t.0 page 14

Question 34

oct-Feb winds

Answer 34

1. Oct-Feb, NH winter, cooler temp, SH summer, higher temp 2. in winter, air over central Asia, cold, sinks, create area, high pressure 3. summer, air over Australia, hot, rises, create area, low pressure 4. air move, Central Asia (high pressure) -> Australia (lower pressure) 5. deflected, right, as travel -> India, Coriollis effect, North-East monsoon, India, SG ## Footnote https://docs.google.com/document/d/12rAwkWXiw5RGFDGpRY3RhY_ab2Cs2ZpI7u36Bog2OvM/edit?tab=t.0 page 16 central asia -> NH australia -> SH

Question 35

North-East monsoon

Answer 35

1. dry, cool, little moisture picked up, Central Asia 2. India experience little rain 3. Winds blow over South China Sea, pick up moisture, form of water vapor, bring heavy rain, areas like SG 4. winds cross over -> SH, deflect, left, continue pick up moisture, Indian Ocean, bring rain, countries, Australia

Question 36

Corolis force NH and SH deflection direction

Answer 36

Winds originating from NH: deflect left Winds originating from SH: deflect right

Question 37

Southwest Monsoon

Answer 37

1. June-Sept, NH experiences summer, higher temp, SH experiences winter, cooler temp 2. NH, warmer air expand, lower pressure over Central Asia 3. SH, cooler air contract, highe pressure over Australia 4. Air, Australia (higher pressure) -> Central Asia (lower pressure) 5. Wind cross into NH, deflect, right, Coriollis effect, South-West Monsoon, India, SG 6. winds move over Indian Ocean, pick moisture, Indian Ocean, bring heavy rain India

Question 38

why varied wind directions in Earth?

Answer 38

1. unequal distribution, air temp, unequal distribution, air pressure 2. air move across Earth regions, high pressure -> low pressure 3. wind travel over long distances, deflect, Corillis force, occurs due 2 Earth rotation