Tectonics 3

Question 1

What are disaster risks? What are its cause?

Answer 1

• potential damage to properties, injuries, loss of lives in (given period of time)

cause: interaction btwn tectonic hazard, vulnerability of ppl, exposure to hazard

LINK
factors determining how bad the risk is
1. type of tectonic hazard
2. vulnerability of ppl
3. exposure

given period of time, disaster dosent just disappear. Will have ash fallout, may trigger floods, may trigger fires lahars e.g.

Question 2

factors that determine characteristics of tectonic disaster risks

Answer 2

1. nature, tectonic hazard
2. vulnerability of ppl
3. exposure

e.g. Tohuku
Possible disaster risk: coastline

Question 3

what is tectonic disaster risk management?

Answer 3

plans and actions put in place
- prevent b4
- reduce during
- manage after

disaster

(prevent/reduce/manage) disaster risk (before/during/after disaster)

Question 4

how is disaster risk prevented b4 disaster?

Answer 4

• hazard-resistant buildings
• no collapse easily (building resist hazard)

Taipei 101

Question 5

how is disaster risk reduced during disaster?

Answer 5

• tsunami, earthquake warning systems
• timely evacuation

Question 6

how is disaster risk managed after disaster?

Answer 6

• insurance coverage
• financial payout aft. disaster
• quicker recovery

Question 7

why d__ r__ m__ strengthen resilience of country against tectonic hazard?

Answer 7

disaster risk managment -> country resist, adapt, recover, timely, efficient manner

Question 8

environmental consequences of disaster risks that happen (vague example)

Answer 8

landslide
- debris bury huge areas, forest
- flooding, kill aquatic life

disaster risks VS tectonic hazards
Tectonic Hazards + Vulnerability + Exposure = Disaster Risks

Explanation
Disaster Risks is what may happen during and after a disaster.

Reduced risk from disaster risk managment

Increased risk when ppl are more vulnerable (unprepared) and more exposed(e.g. Sendai is near Coast ppl hit badly in tsunami)

Question 9

social consequences of disaster risk that happen

Answer 9

debris
- destroy houses, homeless -> temporary housing -> lack sanitation, bad QoL

debris -> block river -> floods
- contaminate clean, drinking water
- psychological trauma -> lose homes, loved ones
- threat of physical harm, losing lives

Debris
- physical (injuries, deaths, homeless)
- mental

Question 10

economic consequences of disaster risk that happen

Answer 10

landslides (debris)
- social services byebye (no facilities, rescource)
- destroy homes, properties
- costly repair, buy
- unable do jobs (farmer no clean water, irrigation)
- business lose income
- govt. spend money repair facilities

Question 11

how is development of countries hindered by tectonic risks that happen?

Answer 11

• less economic growth, tourism, infastructure damage.
• govt. spend money repair facilities -> less development -> less invest education, less poverty reduced
• developing countries worst affect
• ppl poor, QoL drop (no jobs, social services, faciltiies)

LINK
Tourists don’t come because of unforseen circumstances
- natural disasters (dangerous, infastructure DMG)

Indian Ocean Tsunami

Question 12

why important reduce disaster risk (disaster-prone developing country)

Answer 12

• severe social, economic, env. impact
• developing countries worst affect, lack rescources, skills -> prevent, reduce, manage disaster risks
• hinder development

Haiti Vs Tohuku

Question 13

how shld developing countries reduce disaster risk?

Answer 13

• cost-effectively invest -> disaster risk managment (costs smaller than when disaster happen w/o disaster risk managment)

Haiti VS Chile

Question 14

nature of hazard

Answer 14

i.e. duration of shaking

IS NOT:
- distance from epicenter/focus depth: Those are exposure
- quality of building design/evacuation skills: Those are vulnerable conditions

Question 15

define prevailing wind

Answer 15

wind blowing, dominant wind direction

Question 16

define vulnerable conditions

Answer 16

conditions increasing likeliness of ppl, belongings, infastructure -> hazards

Question 17

nature of hazard earthquake vs volcanic eruption

Answer 17

earthquake
- duration of shaking
- time when earthquake occurs
volcano
- chemical comp. of magma

non exhaustive, this is jst txtbk example

another e.g.: Mw of earthquake

Question 18

vulnerable conditions earthquake vs volcanic eruption

Answer 18

earthquake
- soil, rock properties

volcanic eruption
- availibility of groundwater -> lahars
- prevailing wind conditions -> tephra travel further

Question 19

exposure earthquake vs volcanic eruption

Answer 19

earthquake
- population density, presence of building
- distance from epicentre

volcanic eruption
- population density, presence of building

Question 20

nature of hazard (earthquake)

how duration of shaking -> disaster risks -> damage done?

Answer 20

longer ground shaking -> more disaster risks -> more likely building collapse, ppl trapped

Tohuku Earthquake

earthquake
- duration, time of shaking

Question 21

nature of hazard (earthquake)

how does time of day where earthquake occurs -> disaster risks -> damage done?

Answer 21

time of day, activities carried out diff. -> night, sleeping (disaster risk) -> unable evacuate quick -> ppl trapped

Kobe, Japan earthquake

earthquake
- duration, time of shaking

Question 22

v__ conditions (earthquake)

how does q__, b__ d__ -> d__ r__ -> v__ c___

Answer 22

quality, building design -> disaster risks -> vulnerable conditions
poorer quality design (disaster risk) -> more vulnerable collapse

ppl trap -> injuries, deaths

earthquake
- quality, building design
- soil, rock properties

Question 23

v__ conditions (earthquake)

3 characteristics of poor quality building design

Answer 23

• rigid low quality materials
• dont follow building codes
• lack earthquake-resistant features (i.e. cross bracing)

Question 24

building codes are set by…?

Answer 24

authorities

Question 25

# vulnerability how does s__, r__ p__ contribute to extent of disaster risks?

Answer 25

**soil, rock properties** - worsen/cause, earthquake hazards **soil liquefaction** - buildings **tip over, sink liquefied soil** -> ppl trapped -> injuries, deaths **seismic waves move, hard rock -> soft soil, slow down, amplified** - more intense shaking -> more building collapse - **compact** solid rock -> less intense shaking ## Footnote **Port-Au Prince, Haiti Earthquake** **clarify** saturated soil = soil w/ lots of water content

Question 26

softer the soil, ___ the disaster risk

Answer 26

softer the soil, higher the disaster risk

Question 27

# exposure (earthquake) how does p__ d___ affect exposure of people, belongings, infastructure

Answer 27

- number of ppl/unit of area - higher population density, more exposed - more injuries, deaths ## Footnote **earthquake** - population density - distance from epicentre **Papua New Guinea vs Great Sichuan Earthquake**

Question 28

# exposure (earthquake) how does d__ o__ b__, p___ f__ e__ affect exposure of people, belonging infastructure

Answer 28

- city nearer = less energy of seismic waves absorbed -> **rocks** b4 reach city - **violent** shaking, building collapse, injuries, deaths ## Footnote **Port Au Prince vs Papua New Guinea** **earthquake** - population density - distance from epicentre

Question 29

# nature of hazard (volcano) how does c__ c__ of m__ affect volcanic eruption

Answer 29

- chem. composition -> viscosity -> effusive/explosive eruption ## Footnote **Kiluea VS Merapi** **volcano** chemical comp. of magma

Question 30

# vulnerability of hazard (volcano) how does a__ of s__, g___ affect vulnerability?

Answer 30

- greater availibility groundwater -> lahars - vulnerability people, properties increased - injuries, deaths

Question 31

sources of large quantities of water that cause lahars

Answer 31

rapid melting, snow, ice (volcano summit) groundwater released -> cracks, lines of weaknesses rivers, lakes heavy rainfall ## Footnote **Mt Pinatubo**

Question 32

how p__ w__ c__ affect vulnerability to volcanic eruption?

Answer 32

- distribution of ashfall, tephra - larger area ashfall, more vulnerability - heavier, larger particles deposited near volcano - finer ash particles -> thousands km away ## Footnote i.e. Human settlements Volcano Forest Prevailing wind: Left = human settlements most affected Prevailing wind: Right = wildlife most affected **Mt Pinatubo**

Question 33

# disaster risk - volcano how does the d__ of f__ a__ p__ a__ p__?

Answer 33

**distribution of fine ash particles** - people -> health, respiratory problem - weight (accumulated ash) cause properties roof collapse - destroy farmland ## Footnote - availibility of groundwater -> lahars - prevailing wind conditions -> tephra **travel further** **Mt Pinatubo**

Question 34

# exposure (volcano) how does p__ -> b__, p__ affect disaster risks

Answer 34

**presence -> infastructure ppl** - near volcano, exposed ## Footnote - presence -> infastructure, ppl **LINK** ppl still live near volcano cuz 1. Farming w/ fertile soil 2. Extract precious materials, fossil fuel 3. Harness geothermal energy 4. Tourism **Mt Sinabung**

Question 35

define community resilience

Answer 35

- ability, community timely manner resist, adapt, recover -> disaster impacts

Question 36

define land use planning

Answer 36

organising, regulating land use, development in area

Question 37

define disaster recovery

Answer 37

- restoring, improving livelihoods, health of ppl affected by disaster ## Footnote include: environmental activities, belongings

Question 38

4 strategies build community resilience | correspond: vulnerability, exposure, prepardness

Answer 38

less... 1. vulnerability, **hazard resistant building design** 2. vulnerability, **monitoring, warning system** 3. exposure **land use planning** more... 4 prepardness **disaster response, recovery**

Question 39

how does l__ u__ p__ reduce e___

Answer 39

**rough idea** - control, minimise development -> high-risk area - less potential deaths **how achieve** - hazard maps, past earthquake data -> risk areas -> suggest lvls of risk (likelihood/extent disaster occurence) - strict guidelines ## Footnote **2011 Tohuku Earthquake** **LINK** 4 strat. increase community resilience less... 1. vulnerability, **hazard resistant building design** 2. vulnerability, **monitoring, warning system** 3. exposure **land use planning** more... 4 prepardness **disaster response, recovery**

Question 40

how does h___ r__ b__ d___ reduce v___?

Answer 40

**hazard resistant building design reduce vulnerability** withstand groundshaking - shock absorbers/dampers -> buildings -> absorb vibrations - reinforcing buildings -> diagonal crossbraces -> retain shape - building no sway too much -> no collapse ## Footnote **Taipei 101** **LINK** 4 strat. increase community resilience less... 1. vulnerability, **hazard resistant building design** 2. vulnerability, **monitoring, warning system** 3. exposure **land use planning** more... 4 prepardness **disaster response, recovery**

Question 41

how does m__, w__ s__ reduce v___?

Answer 41

- **set** devices, detect seismic waves, ground deform, predict, warn potential hazard - timely evacuation - i.e. Early Earthquake Warning System ## Footnote **2011 Tohuku Earthquake** 4 strat. increase community resilience less... 1. vulnerability, **hazard resistant building design** 2. vulnerability, **monitoring, warning system** 3. exposure **land use planning** more... 4 prepardness **disaster response, recovery**

Question 42

What is EEWS for?

Answer 42

**early earthquake warning systems** **BEFORE** - set devices, detect seismic waves - alert ppl b4 disaster - critical save lives **DURING** - authorities, ppl respond, evacuate fast **DURING/AFTER** - aid directed -> high risk areas (most needed) ## Footnote **2011 Tohuku Earthquake** 4 strat. increase community resilience less... 1. vulnerability, **hazard resistant building design** 2. vulnerability, **monitoring, warning system** 3. exposure **land use planning** more... 4 prepardness **disaster response, recovery**

Question 43

why must b__ d__ r__

Answer 43

**prepardness disaster response, recovery** - build comm. resilience - avoid dangers -> tectonic hazards ## Footnote 4 strat. increase community resilience less... 1. vulnerability, **hazard resistant building design** 2. vulnerability, **monitoring, warning system** 3. exposure **land use planning** better 4. disaster response

Question 44

3 strategies to increase p__ d__ r__, r___

Answer 44

**preparedness disaster response, recovery** - education, raise public awareness, hazard - first-aid training - conduct evacuation drills ## Footnote 4 strat. increase community resilience less... 1. vulnerability, **hazard resistant building design** 2. vulnerability, **monitoring, warning system** 3. exposure **land use planning** more... 4 prepardness **disaster response, recovery**

Question 45

how does e__, r__ p__ a__, h__ lead to p___ d__ r__, r___

Answer 45

**education, raise public awareness, hazard -> preparedness disaster response, recovery** -provide ppl -> knowledge, how respond hazards - i.e. seal door, window (**eruption**) ## Footnote 3 strategies to increase **preparedness disaster response, recovery** - education, raise public awareness, hazard - first-aid training - conduct evacuation drills **Preparedness disaster response, recovery** -> 4 strategies to increase community resilience

Question 46

how does f__-a__ t__ lead to better disaster response?

Answer 46

**first-aid training -> better disaster response** - ppl can administer, basic first aid -> mobile, evacuate if need ## Footnote 3 strategies to increase **preparedness disaster response, recovery** - education, raise public awareness, hazard - first-aid training - conduct evacuation drills

Question 47

how does e__ d__ -> better disaster response

Answer 47

**evacuation drills -> better, disaster response** - familar evacuation procedures, routes -> less trapped - familiar avoid areas downwind, volcano (ash) - tsunami evacuation, inundation routes ## Footnote 3 strategies to increase **preparedness disaster response, recovery** - education, raise public awareness, hazard - first-aid training - conduct evacuation drills **2011 Tohuku Earthquake**

Question 48

challenges in building comm. resilience/disaster management

Answer 48

**comm. resilience/disaster management** extent of comm. resources **comm. resilience** capability for comm. organise itself for disasters **disaster management** challenges, engage relevant stakeholders

Question 49

challenges in building comm. resilience/disaster amnagement e__ o__ c__ r___

Answer 49

**extent of comm. resources** - lack tech financial resources - less ability, build comm. resilience/disaster management - prioritise econ. development instead of comm. resilience OR lack resource hamper disaster response effort, more ppl die

Question 50

challenges in building comm. resilience c__ c__ o__ i__ d___

Answer 50

**can comm. organise itself, disaster?** recover, respond - lack efforts, educate, train comm. respond, recover - political instability - corruption, less funding -> community prepardeness

Question 51

challenges in building disaster management c__ e__ r__ s__

Answer 51

**challenges engage relevant stakeholders** - collaborate, disaster management strategies - disagreements, stakeholders, strategies - lack awareness, need for certain strategies - high cost, integrate strategies, practices - local comm. unwilling purchase insurance - insurance companies unwilling offer insurance, high cost commitment - individuals unwilling, retrofit building w/ hazard resistant

Question 52

disaster management

Answer 52

1. strategies, respond disasters immediately after - search and rescue - timely evacuation - provide basic social, psychological svcs 2. recover, diasters - restore infrastructure, facilities, living conditions of affected comm. 3. all stakeholders must work tgt - local govt. assess dmg -> search and rescue teams - NGOs -> provide funds, support efforts

Question 53

disaster management S__ a__ r__ e__

Answer 53

**search and rescue efforts** - immediate living-saving response - evacuate, save surviors, shortest time, - minimal risk -> rescuers - skilled rescuers, special equipment (heat sensors, listening devices) - survivors otherwise die -> crush syndrome, burns

Question 54

disaster management t__ e__

Answer 54

**timely evacuation** - move ppl away, areas risk, hazards - evacuate -> place w/ supplies, basic svcs destroyed - buildings, infrastructure collapse, evacuate, prevent trapped - powerful aftershocks, buildings weakened, initial shaking, collapse - tsunami waves, evacuate, higher ground - volcanic eruptions, evacuate, danger zone, volcano

Question 55

disaster management p__ b__ s__, p__ s__

Answer 55

**provide basic social, psychological svcs** 1. water - lack of - volcanic ash pollute water sources - (ground shaking how cut off...) - clean water -> prevent dehydration, vector-borne diseases (contaminated) 2. food - lack of, shop closures, crops destroyed - frozen food turn bad -> damage storage equipment - prevent starvation 3. healthcare - damage hospitals, disrupt - prevent spread disease, save lives 4. psychosocial svcs - emotional distress, severe injuries - counselling, mental health experts, come to terms, disaster, rebuild lives - survivors cope, long-lasting psychological trauma

Question 56

disaster recovery

Answer 56

- retrofitting surviving buildings w/ hazard resistant features - allow residents eventually return -> homes, keep comm. intact aft disaster - hazard-resistant housing assistance to homeless - recover lives, minimise exposure, vulnerability