Tourism 3 Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
characteristics of natural heritage
A
- natural features, geographical formations + natural beauty
or - habitat of threatened species
2
Q
how to guarantee tourism sustainability
A
- balance 3 sustainabilities
- don’t overfocus on one
3
Q
how can tourism development ensure economic sustainability
A
- continuously providing employment opportunties
- increase no. of social services
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: GOVT
4
Q
how to continual provision of employment opportunities in tourism?
A
skills training
- ensure career progression, income growth
- provide seasonally employed local with greater variety of skills
when seasonally employed have more skills, when they aren’t doing their tourism job (i.e. ski resort on summer) they can do other jobs for a living
5
Q
how to increase provision of social services -> raise standard of living for locals?
A
- tourism revenue -> build schools, clinics
- education lets locals seek better employment + income
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: GOVT
essentially try to build stuff to meet needs of locals and allow them to seek better employment themselves
6
Q
guidelines, have social sustainable tourism development
A
- respect authencity of locals, cultural practices, art forms
- intercultural understanding, tolerance
7
Q
why must respect authenticity of local comm., practices, art forms?
A
- practices, art forms remain meaningful, significant
- disrespect = strife, conflict
LINK
strife btween locals n tourists -> increased crime rates, increased antitourism sentiments
practices, art forms will only be signifcant if authenticity respected. If not, commodification can happen, exploitation can happen where locals forced to cater to tourists’ needs for income
8
Q
social sust. dev tourism destination
how to respect authencity of local comm., practices, art forms?
A
- sensitively develop visitor attractions
- tour guides advise tourists to respectfully interact w/ locals
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: Govt, tour agencies, tourists
9
Q
social sust. dev. tourism
y contribute, intercultural understanding, tolerance?
A
- local cultures stay meaningful, preserved
- better appreciate each other culture
- attract more tourist that follow this norm
This is different from respecting authencity of local comm, practices, art forms
10
Q
how to tourism development env. sus
A
- maintain essential ecological process
- conserve natural heritage, protect biodiversity
LINK
- natural features, geographical formations + natural beauty
or
- habitat of threatened species
11
Q
why must maintain essential ecological processes?
A
- ecological processes provide ecosystem services (i.e. air quality regulation)
- meet present, future demands of people
12
Q
what are ecological processes
A
- biological, physical, chemical processes that sustain ecological systems
13
Q
how to maintain essential ecological processes in tourism
A
- stakeholders destination region minimise deforestation
- maintain ecological processes, ecosytem services
MAIN STAKEHOLDER: ALL
14
Q
how to conserve natural heritage, biodiversity? (SIMILAR 2 Ecotourism)
A
establish protected areas (national parks)
- protect from illegal poaching
- manage tourist numbers, waste
- conserve natural beauty
15
Q
what is greenwashing
A
phenomena where
- company make ppl believe they do more for environment than they actually do
16
Q
what is carbon-neutral?
A
- where greenhouse gas emissions of 1 stakeholder reduced/avoided
- remaining co2 compensate with carbon credits
carbon credits (NOT IN TB NO NEED MEMO):
- basically a fee to pay off to use certain amount of carbon dioxide
- fees used to offset co2 with trees e.g.
17
Q
how do stakeholders influence sustainable tourism development?
A
- stakeholders work tgt
- have a say
- reach common consensus
- common understanding, sustainable tourism development
18
Q
govt. play their part, sustainable tourism development?
A
- establish policies, create plans
- enforce regulations
19
Q
local
how does govt. establish policies and create plans for sustainable tourism development?
A
- set up policies where all other stakeholders must follow
- ensure minimum damage maximum benefits to locals
LINK
- stakeholders need to work tgt, have a say, reach a common consensus
- have common understanding of what sustainable tourism development is
can use these 2 points above as well. This applies to all stakeholders.
E.g.: Govt needs to consult locals before implementing their policies (giving locals a say)
20
Q
how, why does government enforce regulations for sust tourism dev?
A
- enforce regulation on types of tourism activity
- ensure policies, plans followed
LINK TO SS
SS: Legislation passes out the law, Executive enforce regulation to make sure ppl follow law.
Geog: Govt. set up policies, govt. enforce regulation to make sure ppl follow policies.
21
Q
How is the effectiveness of government limited (sust tourism dev)?
A
poor enforcement
lack cooperation, other stakeholders
22
Q
Tourism
3 reasons why govt. may potentially poor enforcement?
A
- govt lack rescources
- govt corrupted, political influences
- govt prioritise econ. development
they never enforce regulation properly
23
Q
why does putting economic development first hinder sustainable development?
A
- social, env sustainability neglected
24
Q
what are IGOs?
A
govermental organisations
opposite of NGOs that are non govt. organisations
25
how do IGOs and NGOs influence sustainable tourism development?
**help countries, achieve w/ knowledge finance expertise**
- financial assistance
- raise public awareness on -> sustainable tourism development -> more contribute
26
# international organisations: IGOs/NGOs
how does internal organisations help **locals** w/ achieve sustainable tourism development
- skills taught (i.e. handicraft)
- villagers, how 2 market destination region
27
how does internal organisations help countries w/ financial assistance
- financial aid, small facilities development (i.e. toilet)
28
how is effectiveness of international organisations reduced?
- lack of understanding, local contexts
- lack, funding
29
why does international organisations have lack of understanding of local contexts? what are the consequences?
- ppl from international organisations, come from diff. places
- diff. perspective from locals
- disagreements due to diff. perspective
30
why does international organisations have lack of funding? what are the consequences?
- many nonprofit
- plans hindered
31
why will businesses want to sustainably develop tourist areas?
- sustainable tourism = profitable
- e.g. keep env. clean = most tourist
32
how can businesses influence sustainable tourism development?
- seek advice, other stakeholders
- participate, decision making
33
what are the limitations of sustainable tourism development for businesses?
- survive, compromise sustainable practices
- different understanding sustainability
34
why, how businesses compromise on sustainable practices?
- businesses priority: profit > sustainability
**lead to**
- rescources exploit
- pollution
35
what are the consequences of businesses having different understanding, ways of measuring sustainability?
- **greenwashing**
- even if they nvr practice sustainability
36
# same as business
how can locals help with sustainable tourism?
- seek advice, other stakeholders
- participate in decision making
37
what does locals participating in decision making cause?
- locals suggests ways, minimise harm, nature
- e.g. **CBT**
38
why and how does **locals** seek advice, other stakeholders
**why**
- locals, no knowledge, expertise seek advice, govt, IGOs, NGOs
**how**
- adapt tried, tested methods
- protect env.
39
limitations of locals practicing sustainable tourism
- lack financial, technical assistance
- prioritise economic benefits
40
why does locals lack financial, technical assistance
- no info, how2get finances, technical assistance
41
why locals decide economic dev > sustainability
higher income, support families > sustainability
## Footnote
**LINK**
no info on how to get finances, technical assistance
because of this they lack finances and stuff so they will prioritise it
42
how can tourists practice sustainable tourism?
- genuine interest, tourist destination + culture
- interact responsibly w/ environment, ppl
43
how can tourists genuine interest, tourist destination + culture
- choose tours, prioritise sustainable tourism
- involve in env. conservation
44
how does tourists interact responsbly w/ environment, ppl
- read up on local practices, cultures, show respect to customs
| partake in env conservation also accept.
45
limitations of tourists trying to practice sustainable tourism
- some options out of budget
- lack of clear info
46
what is the consequence for tourists when there is a lack of clear info about sustainable tourism
**Consequence**
- confusion on whether business is truly sustainable
## Footnote
**LINK**
businesses having different understanding, ways of measuring sustainability
47
other challenges faced by all stakeholders in sustainable tourism development
**- understanding sustainability varies based on place -> conflict, ideas**
- varying degrees, powers, influence -> more "say" over final decision, override other stakeholder's opinion
- diffferent priorities
- economic, social, env. tradeoffs needed
48
define micro-finance
banking service provided -> unemployed, low-income individuals/no access to financial services
49
**3** characteristics of ecotourism
- form, sustainable tourism
- often take place in scenic natural areas
- allows tourists experience nature
50
what is ecotourism's main aim
- conserve natural env., benefit local community
## Footnote
to achieve 3 sustainability
51
strategies to achieve aims of ecotourism
- educate, increase tourists' appreciation
- put in place measures, minimise negative impacts on env.
## Footnote
**CBT ONLY HAS EDUCATE, INCREASE APPRECIATION -> LOCAL COMM.**
52
how does e___, i___ t__ a___ accomplish aims of ecotourism?
**educate, increase tourists' appreciation**
- tours take place -> natural areas
- experience, interact 1st hand
- encourage -> take action, conserve
53
# same as eco (2)
how does m___, r__ n__ i__ o__ e__ achieve aims of ecotourism?
| rev nue
**measures, reduce neg. impacts -> env.**
- tourism revenue -> conservation (e.g. hire park rangers)
- laws -> minimise no of ppl, waste
54
differences between hard ecotourism and soft ecotourism
- commitment to env. conservation
- number of tourists
- services provided
- level of physical comfort
- suppliers
55
hard vs soft ecotourism commitment to environmental conservation
**hard**
- stronger
**soft**
- moderate
56
hard vs soft ecotourism number of services provided and comfort level
**hard**
- few/no services
- more physically challenging
**soft**
- services provided
- more comfortable
57
who supplies soft ecotourism? who supplies hard ecotourism?
**soft**
mass market tour operators
**hard**
specialist tour operators/tourists themselves
58
limitations of ecotourism
- works poorly, influx of popularity
- uncertain, local communities' involvement
- may not benefit local comm. as much as thought
## Footnote
**continuity of efforts**
- tourists interacting w/ env -> destroy env, sought to protect
- earn profits = compromise
59
limitations of ecotours
w__ p__, i__ o__ p__
**works poorly, influx of popularity**
- uncertain, continuity of efforts (conserve nature)
- many tourists, interact w/ env -> destroy env. sought to protect
- earn profits = compromise
60
why may ecotourism not benefit locals that much after all?
- esp. if locals no skills, knowledge
- esp. if authority no measures -> train locals
- lots manpower -> meet high demands, needs, tourists -> foreign manpower
- minimum benefits, local comm.
## Footnote
foreigners take away jobs -> resentment (**from SS**)
61
What is CBT?
**community-based tourism**
- small-scale, local comm. manage
- maximise local comm. involvement + benefits
- homestays, agricultural tourism
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainablilty
- maximise local comm. involvement + benefits
62
some strategies used to achieve aims of CBT
- encourage participate -> decision-making, tourism development (local comm.)
- measures -> increase economic, social benefits (local comm.)
- educate, increase tourists' appreciation -> env
## Footnote
pt 2: Measures
63
how does e___ p___ -> d___-m___, t___ d___ (l__ c__) achieve aims of CBT
**encourage participate -> decision-making, tourism development (local comm.)**
- local comm. more knowledge -> soc env eco needs
- decisions made tgt w/ locals -> need met sustainable way
- support, involvement -> tourism industry
- env. protected, attract tourists
| always link back to sust. n CBT aims
## Footnote
**aims of CBT**
- sustainable
- maximise local comm. involvement
64
how does p__ i__ p___ m__, i__ e___, s___ b__ (l__ c__) achieve aims of CBT
**put in place measures, increase economic, social benefits (local comm.)**
Economic:
**encourage:**
- local businesses, cater need, tourist ->
- provide employment, less economic leakage
**example**
- local farmers agriculture tourism
- tourist participate, activities (harvest crops, buy local produce)
- gain income
Social:
- **tourist revenue** build more social svcs ->
- **social** well being
| always link back to sust. n CBT aims
## Footnote
**aims of CBT**
- sustainable
- maximise local comm. involvement
**Farm Tomita, Hokkaido**
- many merch shops, local farmers farming in public (**cater to tourists needs**)
- local ppl employed as shopkeeper (**employment**)
- sell lavender that they grow (**local produce**)
- tour arnd farm req. $$ (**activities**)
- govt. may use all the funds -> (**build more sch, hosp -> social well being**)
65
how does e__, i___ t__'s a___, l___ c___ -> CBT
**educate, increase tourists' appreciation, local cultures**
- promote interactions, tourists <-> locals
- promote respect -> local culture, protect env.
66
Limitations of CBT
- loss, culture
- competition w/ large-scale tourism development
67
how does l__, c___ happen? why is it a limitation of CBT?
**loss, culture**
- insufficient measures + experiences **offered not in line w/ local's culture (i.e. add comfortable beds -> local yurts)** commodification, culture
- lose authenticity
| always link back to sust.
68
why is c_ w_ l_ -s_ t_ d_ limitation of CBT?
**competition w/ large-scale tourism development**
large-scale tourism industries have none of these problems:
1. difficulty comm. w/ tourist
2. lack finances, expertise → large-scale promotion, advertising
3. lack skills → develop in tourism industry
69
what is PPT sustainable tourism
**pro-poor tourism**
- improve livelihoods, get **net benefits, well-being** (poor) -> training, microfinance
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
**strategies**
increase access -> microfinance
70
strategies of PPT
- training
- increase access -> microfinance
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
**strategies**
training
increase access -> microfinance
71
how does t___ help aims of pro-poor tourism?
- locals, learn new skillz -> employment (**tourism industry**)
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
**strategies**
training
increase access -> microfinance
72
how does i__ a__ -> m___ help aims of pro-poor tourism?
- poor -> finances, startup businesses -> **tourism industry**
- communication materials -> locals understand how apply microfinance
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
**strategies**
training
increase access -> microfinance
73
can CBT and ecotourism be classified under PPT as well?
**yes**
- as long as focus -> benefit poor
## Footnote
i.e. ecotourism proj. -> give majority benefit -> poor
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
**strategies**
training
increase access -> microfinance
74
limitation of PPT
1. **direct** investment -> social services reduce poverty better
2. uneven distribtution -> econ. benefits
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
75
how does d__ i__ -> s__ s__ r__ p__ b__ hinder aims of PPT
**direct investment -> social services reduce poverty better**
- lack of self-confidence -> undergo training -> dont know, use microfinances
- better invest social services -> directly provide benefits (e.g. **healthcare**)
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
**strategies**
training
increase access -> microfinance
76
why is there u_ d_ -> e_ b_? how does it hinder PPT?
**non-poor locals**
- authority, banks see as more reliable -> give more micro-finance
- dominate training, employment (more finance, skillz)
- poor livelihoods not improve, margin <-> non-poor, poor increases
## Footnote
**aims**
- sustainable
- improve livelihoods, get net benefits, well being (poor)
**microfinance**
banking service provided -> unemployed, low-income individuals/no access to financial services
**strategies**
training
increase access -> microfinance
77
define tourism production
**natural, cultural, manmade** rescoures used for dest. region tourism
## Footnote
natural -> env.
cultural -> social
manmade -> econ. (factories)
covers all 3 aspect of sust.
78
define tourism consumption
use, **tourism products** -> tourists
## Footnote
tourism products
**ANYTHING** -> for tourism
79
guidelines for sustainable tourism (general)
## Footnote
in general
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution -> benefits
80
when is sustainable tourist production achieve?
- demand < supply for rescources (ecosystem services)
- stakeholders -> long-term, coordinated approach, (give up prioritising profit)
## Footnote
**3 criteria for sustainable tourism**
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution -> benefits
81
how does d_ < s_ f_ r_ (e_ s_) lead to sustainable tourism p___
**demand < supply for rescources (ecosystem services) -> sustainable tourism production**
- never deplete ecosystem services rescources -> rescource (tourist industry/local living)
## Footnote
always link to rescources for **production**
82
**how can all stakeholders -> sustainable tourism p__**
s_ l-t, c a, g u p p
**1. stakeholders long-term, coordinated approach
2. give up prioritising profit**
- plans carbon-neutral
- plans ensure ecosystem svcs optimal, demand < supply
## Footnote
always link to rescources for **production**
83
how to achieve sustainable tourism consumption?
- destination regions limit no. of tourists
- tourist practice, support sustainablity
- policies **never compromise + include** local comm.
## Footnote
tourism products
**ANYTHING** -> for tourism
**3 aims, achieve sustainable tourism**
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution -> benefits
84
how does d_ r__ l__ n__ o__ t__ -> sustainable tourism c___
**destination regions limit no. of tourists -> sustainable tourism consumption**
- carrying cap. of destination region not exceed -> **less env. DMG**
## Footnote
**LINK**
Butler's Model of Tourism
when carrying cap. exceeds, **stagnation** -> **decline** -> not econ. sust.
85
how does t__ p_, s__ s_ -> sustainable tourism c__
**tourist practice, support sustainability -> sustainable tourism consumption**
- **support** sustainable dest. regions, accomodations, tour services w/ low co2 footprint, local comm. involvement
- **practice** sustainablilty (energy, water, purchase local produce)
86
how does p__ n__ c_ + i__ l__ c__ lead to sustainable tourism c__
**policies never compromise + include local comm. -> sustainable tourism consumption**
local comm...
**not compromised** (rules, regulation)
- cultural preservation
**included** planning, implementing policies
- meet needs, local comm.
- still meet need -> tourist
87
how to achieve equal, fair distribution of benefits?
- effective tourism managment
- minimise compromise, between 3 sustainabilities, aim win-win
## Footnote
**3 criteria for sust. tourism development**
- sustainable tourist production,
- consumption
- equal, fair distribution, benefits
88
# hint: what starts with b___
how does e__ t__ m__ ensure
f__ d__ b__
**effective tourism managment -> equal, fair distribution, benefits**
- prevent unequal, unfair distribution -> tension, less support btwn stakeholders
## Footnote
**equal, fair distribution, benefits**
- effective tourism managment
- minimise compromise, between 3 sustainabilities, aim win-win
89
how does m__ c__ 3 s__, w__-w__ s__ ensure e__ d__ b_?
**minimise compromise 3 sust, win-win situation**
- prevent worsening of difficult negotiations
- do both sustainability, some extent
## Footnote
i.e. difficult negotiation between hotel owner and local
Hotel owner wants econ. sustainability, local wants social sustainability
