Clin Path Midterm Flashcards by Tricia Spooner

When are immature blood cells seen after hemorrhage?

72 hours

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What is the clinical pathology 4 days post hemorrhage?

macrocytic hypochromic RBCs

hypoproteinemia is still present

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What are the 3 causes of chronic hemorrhagic anemia?

GI hemorrhage
bladder neoplasm
gut parasites

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What species is prussian blue stain not useful in looking at BM iron storage?

cats

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What will iron stores be like during chronic hemorrhage?

insufficient (when it becomes non regenerative)

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What are the 2 tests that can be helpful in testing for blood loss anemia?

fecal floatation - parasites

occult blood test - tests for blood in stool

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What shows up during intravascular hemolysis that doesn’t in extravascular?

heemoglobinuria

hemoglobinemia (hemaglobin in blood)

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What sign do both intra and extravascular hemolysis show?

icterus

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What situation may intra and extravascular hemolysis be happening at the same time?

RBC with parasites coated in Ab

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What are the hereditary causes of hemolysis?

hemoglobinopathies

Enzyme deficiencies - PFK, PK and porphyria

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What breed is genetically disposed to deficiency in phosphofructokinase enzyme?

english springer spaniels

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What are hemoglobinopathies?

abnormailty of hemoglobin - poikilocytosis and premature removal of RBCs

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What breeds are predisposed to pyruvate kinase deficiency?

Besenjis, beagles, westies, cairn terriers

live 1 to 5 years

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What animals are predisposed to porphyrias?

holsteins, shorthorn cattle and swine

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What are signs of porphyria?

tissues are red-brown color, UV flouresce

burns and necrosis on skin

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What are the 3 extrinsic causes of intravascular hemolysis?

Lepto, bacillary hemoglobinuria (clostridium), post parturient hemoglobinuria

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What is post parturient hemoglobinuria caused by?

deficiency of inorganic phosphate

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What are some causes of extravascular hemolysis?

EIA, FIA, anaplasmosis, erperythrozoon, babesiosis, cytauxzoon, trypanasomosis, heartworm, heinz body hemolysis, immune mediated

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What type of hypersensitivity is immune mediated hematologic dz?

Type 2

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What clinical signs are present during immune mediated neutropenia?

recurrent infections, persistent fevers (severe persistent neutropenia)

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What is the best known example of immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

neonatal isoerythrolysis (from mares antibody to foals RBCs)

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What clinical pathology abnormalities are present during immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

RBC regeneration
icterus
agglutination of RBCs
spherocytes

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What other tests can be done for hemolytic anemia?

saline dilution test
coomb’s test - tests for Ab on Rbcs
minor cross match - mares serum w/ foals rbcs

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What are the different outcomes of the saline dilution test?

Positive = RBCs remain agglutinated - rules out inflammation/dehydration
Negative: RBCs dispersed

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What is thalassemia?

absence of alpha, beta or gamma globin

What is the life span of a platelet?

8 to 12 days

What are the 2 immune mediated hematologic diseases of platelets?

IMT (immune mediated thrombocytopenia) | ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura)

What are the clinical pathology findings in immune mediated hematologic disease of platelets?

thrombocytopenia - severe increased MPV (mean platelet volume) hypercellular bone marrow

What is Evan's disease?

concurrent ITP and IMHA

What are the clinical findings of appropriate RBC regeneration via the erythroleukemic response?

leukocytosis RBC regeneration reactive thrombocytosis

What are the signs of inappropriate RBC regeneration?

NRBCs | +/- basophilic stippling

What are the 4 causes of inappropriate RBC regeneration?

lead poisoning in dogs myeloproliferative disease BM toxicity chronic hypoxia in animals with CHF (congestive heart failure)

What are the polymorphonuclear cells?

neutros, eosins, basophils

What are the mononuclear cells?

lymphos and monos

What are neutrophils called in birds and reptiles?

heterophils - granules are prominent

What can eosinophils do to mast cells?

inhibit degranulation (antihistaminic)

Where are monocytes specialized?

chronic/granulomatous inflammation

How can you calculate WBC count from a smear?

number of WBC in 10 fields x1.5

Which species has the highest WBC count? lowest?

high - pigs | low - cows and sheep

What are the most numerous WBCs?

neutrophils and lymphocytes

Which species have more lymphocytes than neutrophils?

Pigs, cattle, sheep and goats

Which species have large granulocyte bone marrow storage pools?

dogs and cats (rodents, birds, marine mammals)

What is the typical physiological pattern of leukocytosis (e.g. excited cat)?

mild leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + lymphocytosis

What is the typical pattern of corticosteroid induced leukocytosis?

mild/moderate leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + LYMPHOPENIA + eosinopenia

What is the typical pattern of inflammation/necrosis induced leukocytosis?

moderate-severe leukocytosis + mature neutrophilia + left shift + monocytosis

Which species is leukocytosis common and not very significant?

dog, pig

Which species is leukocytosis very uncommon without inflammation?

horse

Which species gets leukopenia instead of leukocytosis during inflammation?

cattle

What is epinephrine induced neutrophilia called?

pseudoneutrophilia

What are the main causes of neutrophilia?

inflammation, epinephrine, stress, hemopoietic neoplasia

What characterizes a regenerative left shift?

WBC count is raised with more mature than immature neutrophils

What are the 2 criteria for a degenerative left shift?

WBC count is normal or low, more immature than mature

What characterizes acute inflammation?

moderate/severe leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift | Cows - leukopenia

What characterizes per acute inflammation leukogram?

usually leukopenia (all are marginating)

What characterizes chronic inflammation leukogram?

leukocytosis with mature neutrophilia and MONOCYTOSIS, +/- left shift

What is it called when leukograms resemble granulocytic leukemia caused by inflammation in mostly dogs?

leukemoid reactions

What are the most common causes of leukemoid reactions?

Pyometra, chronic active peritonitis, hepatazoon canis, IMHA, neoplasms

What is the cause of decreased release of neutrophils from BM during neutropenia?

decreaased progenitor cells or dysgranulopoiesis (drugs, MPD)

What are the 4 causes of neutropenia?

B - bone marrow M- Increased Margination D - destruction of WBC in blood M - loss of WBC to marginated pool

What do toxic neutrophils indicate?

severe/acute inflammatory reactions - toxins damaging neutrophils

What is it called when by inherited disorder, there are hyposegmented neutrophils?

Pelger Huet anomaly

How many lobes does a neutrophil get if it's "hypersegmented"?

more than 4/5

Which breed gets "Chediak-Higashi" syndrome?

persian cats

Which breed gets neutrophil adhesion defect?

irish setters and holstein cows

Which breeds get neutrophil bactericidal defect?

doberman and rottweiler

Which breed can get cyclic hemopoiesis?

gray collies

What leukogram may indicate hypoadrenocorticism?

lack of lymphopenia in severely stressed dog

What is a reactive lymphocyte?

B lympho secreting antibodies

What do reactive lymphocytes look like?

basophilic cytoplasm, clumped nuclear chromatin, bigger than normal

What are the common causes of lymphopenia?

STRESS, cushings, some viruses, immunosuppresants,

What are the causes of eosinophilia?

Parasitism, hypersensitivity, inflammation of organ that has mast cells, mast cell tumor

What are the causes of basophilia?

associated with IgE mediated disorders

What kind of inflammation causes monocytosis?

chronic or granulomatous inflammation

What may eosinopenia be used to describe?

serial blood samples - persistantly low, cushings

What are the real hallmarks of infection, inflammation or necrosis in a leukogram?

Leukocytosis, neutrophilia, left shift, monocytosis if chronic

What cells does myeloproliferative disease effect?

all except lymphocytes

What is acute MPD characterized by?

30% or more blast cells in marrow

What is chronic MPD characterized by?

predominance of mature cells

What is myelophthsis?

overgrowth of neoplastic cell can wipe out other cell precursors

What should be ruled out before diagnosing myeloproliferative disease?

inflammation/infection, coagulation defects, organ defects

What cells are affected by myellomonocytic sarcoma? What species gets it?

granulocytes AND monocytes | dogs

What are the clinical findings of myelomonocytic sarcoma?

leukocytosis, mature or immature blast/unclassifiable cells. Myelophthisis can cause anemia

What are the signs of "early" in the cell line megakaryocytic sarcoma?

thrombocytopenia, neoplastic megakaryocytes --> myelophthsis --> aplastic anemia or leukemia

What are the signs of late megakaryocytic sarcoma?

thrombocytosis and giant platelets --> thrombosis or myelophthsis

What are the most frequent findings in myeloproliferative disorder?

non regenerative anemia, leukocytosis

What are the signs of myelodysplastic syndrome in the blood?

cytopenia of affected cell and perhaps abnormal cell morphology

How is MDS differentiated from acute MPD?

MDS - less than 30% blast cells in BM

How is MDS differentiated from chronic MPD?

MDS - persistent peripheral leukopenia (MPS will have severe leukocytosis)

Which species are prone to pseudothrombocytopenia?

cats, pigs, horses

What are the CS of Chediak-higashi syndrome?

neutrophils w/ large granules - poor fxn | albinism and platelet problems

List species that get lymphomas most commonly to least commonly.

Cats and dogs>cow>horse

What are the 2 systemic effects of lymphoproliferative disease?

anorexia and cachexia

Which species does lymphocytic leukemia only occur in terminal stages of LPD??

dog

What does cutaneous LPD in dogs produce?

crusty whorls on skin

What does the mediastinal form of LPD cause in dogs?

exercise intolerance

What form of lymphoma do cats get? What causes it?

thymic, alimentary | FeLV and FIV

Where do plasmacytomas occur?

skin/mucosa (benign)

Where do plasma cell myelomas occur?

bone marrow (malignant)