Clinical Biochem & Metabolic Medicine

Question 1

Causes of euvolaemic hyponatremia

Answer 1

Ew! SIA is THIRSTY for LUTHER’s FREE nudes
(Ew= Euvolaemic hyponatremia)
SIA-SIADH
THIRSTY-Primary Polydipsia
LUTHER- Low Thyroid ( Hypothyroidism)
FREE- excessive Electrolyte free water infusion

Question 2

Which electrolyte is responsible for determining plasma osmolality?

Answer 2

Sodium

Question 3

Causes of hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis

Answer 3

1)Diuretics: Loop & Thiazide
2) Genetic : Liddle , Bartter , Gittelman
3)Steroid excess: Cushing, Conn, GC excess, Carbenoxolone, Liquorice
4) Vomiting
5) Nasogastric aspiration

Question 4

Causes of hypokalemia with metabolic acidosis-

Answer 4

1) Diuretic: Acetazolamide
2) Diarrhea
3)Laxative abuse
4)Ureterosigmoidoscopy
5)Villous Adenoma
6) Bowel obstruction
7)Fistula (bowel)
8) RTA (1&2)

Question 5

Causes of hypokalemia with hypertension-

Answer 5

Cushing
Conn
Glucocorticoid excess
Carbenoxolone
Liquorice
Liddle

Question 6

Causes of hypokalemia with alkalosis & hypertension-

Answer 6

Cushing
Conn
Glucocorticoid excess
Carbenoxolone
Liquorice
Liddle

Question 7

Drugs causing hyperkalemia-

Answer 7

ACE Inhibitors
ARB
NSAID
Beta Blockers
Calcineurin inhibitors
Potassium sparing diuretics
Heparin