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finals > Clinical Chemistry: Proteins, Lipids, and Lipoproteins > Flashcards

Clinical Chemistry: Proteins, Lipids, and Lipoproteins Flashcards

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1
Q

Methionine, Phenlyalanine, Tryptophan is an example of what group of AA?

A

Non-polar/Hydrophobic

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2
Q

In which conditions does pre-albumin increased?

a. Alcoholism
b. Tissue necrosis
c. Hepatic damage

A

A. Alcoholism

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3
Q

This is the most abundant protein in normal plasma constituting 2/3 of the total protein.

A

Albumin

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4
Q

Reference value of Albumin

A

32-45 g/L

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5
Q

What molecules are transported by albumin:

a. Bilirubin, Cortisol, Fatty Acid
b. Triiodithyronine, Troponin
c. Keratin, myosin

A

A. Bilirubin, Cortisol, Fatty Acid

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6
Q

Albumin is increased in:
a. Dehydration
b. Malnutrition
c. Severe burns

A

A. Dehydration

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7
Q

consists of alpha-1, alpha-2, beta, and gamma fractions and is measured by subtracting albumin from TP

A

Globulin

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8
Q

What are the 3 major components of Specific Plasma Proteins

A

Pre-albumin/Transthyretin, Albumin, Globulin

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9
Q

Has the capacity to bind with trypsin and inactivate it. Rises in response to acute inflammation, and is the major component of the fraction of serum proteins that migrate electrophoretically immediately after albumin

A

ALPHA-1-ANTITRYPSIN (AAT)

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10
Q

Anti Trypsin is increased in:

a. Pregnancy
b. Liver disease
c. pulmonary disease

A

A.

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11
Q

It inhibits the activity of the enzymes cathepsin G,
pancreatic elastase, mast cell chymase, and chymotrypsin by cleaving them into a different shape (conformation).

Produced in the liver and is an acute phase reactant.

A

ALPHA 1 ANTICHY-MO-TRYPSIN

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12
Q

Elevations seen in inflammatory disorders and plays a particular role in inflammation and carcinogenesis.

A

Inter alpha trypsin inhibitor

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13
Q

largest non-immunoglobulin protein in plasma, synthesized in the hepatocytes.

Increased in:
nephrotic syndrome, diabetes

A

Alpha 2 Macroglobulin (AMG)

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14
Q

Haptoglobin migrates in what region?

A

Alpha-2 region

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15
Q

Its function is to bind to free hemoglobin. Used to evaluate rheumatic disease.

A

Haptoglobin

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16
Q

Haptoglobin is increased in:

a. HDN
b. burns
c. Acute rheumatic disease

A

c. acute rheumatic disease

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17
Q

transports ferric iron to its storage sites and a negative acute phase protein.

A

transferrin

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18
Q

Migrates between beta and gamma fractions

A

fibrinogen

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19
Q

This is seen to be increased in TB and decreased in fetal death in utero

A

Fibrinogen

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20
Q

Fibrinogen reference range.

A

200-400 mg/dL

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21
Q

largest non-immunoglobulin in plasma synthesized in hepatocytes

A

AMG

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22
Q

Half life of haptoglobin

A

4 days

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23
Q

It causes high ESR and is a marker for cardiovascular disease

A

Fibrinogen

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24
Q

also known as immunoglobulins or antibodies that is produced by WBC

A

Gamma globulin

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25
most abundant protein in fetal serum
AFP
26
Has a reference value of 5ng/mL and is increased in hepatocellular carcinoma. Decreased in TRISOMY 21.
AFP
27
copper containing serum glycoprotein which is a circulating oxidase. Oxidizes iron from ferrous to ferric.
Ceruloplasmin
28
ceruloplasmin imparts what color to protein
BLUE
29
marker for wilson's disease (0.1g/L) and increased ininflammation, pregnancy, and cancer. Decreased in malabsorption.
Ceruloplasmin
30
transport cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid in the blood and has a ***chracteristic sharp leading edge and feathery trailing edge.***
Lipoproteins
31
lipoprotein that migrates between **albumin and alpha-1 globulin zone**
HDL
32
appears as a **separate band** in the beta-globulin region
LDL
33
Exhibits high-binding affinity with **vitamin D** compounds and actin. Migrates in alpha1 and alpha 2 interzone.
Group specific component globulin/ GC globulin
34
This is seen to decrease in protein-losing syndrome and increased in pregnancy and oral contraceptives.
GC GLOBULIN
35
Binds to **progesterone** and **quinidine** (cardioactive drug) and is important in transport and metabolism. Used to diagnose neonates w **bacterial infections**
Alpha 1 acid glycoprotein (AAG)
36
binds with heme released from degradation of hemoglobin and is decreased in hemolytic disorders and intravascular hemolysis
Hemopexin
37
a general scavenger molecule that is used to **monitor remission of autoimmune disease. ** appears in blood in inflammatory conditions and undetectable in healthy individuals.
CRP
38
proteins that participates in in immune reaction and circulates in blood as nonfunctional precursors. Decreased in DIC, malnutrition, hemolytic anemia.
COMPLEMENT
39
light chain component of the major histocompatibility complex (human leukocyte antigen [HLA]). filtered by glomerulus. Increased in SLE, RA, OVERPRODUCTION OF PROTEIN.
BETA-2-MICROGLOBULIN (B2M)
40
A small heme protein found in the striated skeletal and cardiac muscles. 2% of muscle protein.
MYOGLOBIN
41
A complex of **3 proteins** (regulatory proteins) that **bind to the thin filaments of cardiac muscles.** For muscle contraction; regulators of actin and myosin.
Troponin
42
Troponin Specific for heart muscle
Troponin T/Tropomyosin binding subunit
43
Troponi only found in myocardium and highly specific for AMI.
Troponin I/ Inhibitory subunit
44
Calcium-binding protein subunit of troponin that initiates the sequence of conformational changes on the thin filament
TnC
45
abnormal protein found in urine of patients with possible multiple myeloma (a type of cancer affecting the bone marrow)
BJP
46
In BJP what temp does urine precipitate and redissolve.
56C 100C
47
Marker for congestive heart failure
B-type/Brain Natriuretic Peptide
48
A glycoprotein composed of two nearly identical subunits: Plasma and Fetal.
Fibronectin
49
A 247-amino acid fat hormone
Adinopectin
50
prostaglandin D synthase. 168 amino acid. accurate marker of CSF leakage.
BTP
51
A biochemical marker of bone resorption. Can be detected in serum and urine.
Cross-linked C-Telopeptides (CTX)
52
The reference method but not routinely used. It is based on the measurement of the nitrogen content of protein; end product of the method is ammonia.
Kjeldahl Method
53
Reagent used in Kjeldahl method.
SULFURIC ACID
54
It is the most widely used method. It requires at least 2 peptide bonds and an alk medium. END COLOR IS VIOLET CHELATE.
Biuret method
55
highest analytical sensitivity and give deeper blue color.
Folin-Ciocalteu (Lowry) Method
56
Proteins absorb light at 280 nm and at 210 nm. Absorption at 280 nm is due to tryptophan, tyrosine, and phenylalanine.
UV Absorption Method.
57
migration of charged particles in an electric field
Serum Protein Electrophoresis
58
fastes band in SPE
Albumin
59
# 1. HAPTOGLOBULIN, CERULOPLASMIN, AND AMG IS FOUND IN WHAT BAND IN SPE
3RD BAND
60
juvenile cirrhosis produces an abnormal SPE pattern which is
Alpha 1 globulin flat curve
61
in nephrotic syndrome, abnormal SPE pattern is characterized by
alpha 2 globulin band spike
62
hepatic cirrhosis produces what abnormal SPE pattern
beta-gamma bridging
63
These methods utilize sulfosalicylic acid and/or trichloroacetic acid
Turbidimetric and Nephelometry
64
main form of lipid storage in man and Transported mostly by chylomicrons (exogenous) and VLDL (endogenous)
TAG
65
no carbon double bonds, acids are saturated with hydrogen
saturated
66
Two fatty acids attached to glycerol, amphipathic, originates in liver and intestines
phospolipids
67
% of esterified cholesterol
60-70%
68
Which lipoprotein transports cholesterol the most?
LDL (60-70%)
69
Transport lipids (TAG and cholesterol) to sites of energy storage and utilization in the body and also spherical in shape
LIPOPROTEINS
70
Located on the surface of lipoproteins
proteins (apolipoproteins)
71
4 major lipoproteins classes
1. Chylo 2. VLDL 3. HDL 4. LDL
72
Minor LPP
1. IDL 2. Lp (a)
73
Keep the lipids in solution during circulation through the bloodstream and Maintain the structural integrity of the LPP complex
Apolipoproteins
74
major protein in HDL
APO A
75
75% of apo A in HDL
apo A-I
76
major protein in VLDL, LDL, and chylomicron
apo B
77
___ is synthesized in the liver while _____ is synthesized in small inetstines
apo B -100; apo B-48
78
major constituent of VLDL minor constituent of HDL and LDL
apo C
79
arginine rich lipoprotein
apo E
80
Alzheimer’s disease
E4
81
largest (reflect light = “milky plasma”), very rich in TAG of exogenous origin, least dense: floating, creamy layer on stored plasma
CHYLO
82
largest, least dense, exogenous
CHYLO
83
wide range in size large enough to scatter light = turbidity in fasting plasma major carrier of endogenous TAG
VLDL
84
apolipoproteins present in chylomicrons
apo B48 and apo A apo C and apo E
85
ALP presnt in VLDL
mostly apo 100 and apo C apo E
86
formed from the lipolysis of VLDL conversion of IDL to LDL occurs as more TAG are removed synthesized by the liver
LDL
87
primary marjer for CHD risk
LDL
88
APL in LDL
mostly apo 100 apo E
89
smallest most dense
HDL
90
APL IN HDL
apo A-I and apo A-II
91
1. most active form of HDL 2. predmoninant in plasma
1. DISCOID 2. SPHERICAL
92
85-95% TAG
CHYLO
93
50% PROTEIN
HDL
94
50% CHOLE
LDL
95
lipid content, size, and density are “intermediate” between VLDL and LDL either converted to LDL or directly taken up by the liver
IDL
96
found in obstructive biliary disease composed of almost 90% lipids
LpX
97
aka floating beta lipoprotein due to defective catabolism of VLDL
Beta-VLDL
98
Associated with elevated lipoprotein levels
Hyperlipoproteinemia
99
Familial lipoprotein lipase deficiency Increased chylomicrons (TAG)
Type I
100
Familial hypercholesterolemia
Type II
101
Familial dysbetalipoproteinemia, Quantitative and qualitative defect in apo E
Type III
102
Familial hypertrig
Type IV
103
mixed lipemia
Type V
104
1. LDL cholesterol builds up in circulation because there are no LDL receptors needed to transfer cholesterol into cells 2. 20-26 mmol/L total cholesterol, First heart attack can occur in teenage years
1. hypercholesterolemia 2. homozygous
105
Increased cholesterol and TAG
combined hyperlipoproteinemia
106
thickening/hardening of the walls of the arteries
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS

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