Clinical Epithelium

Question 1

Kartegener (KS)

Answer 1

AR genetic disorder involving mutations in tubulin & dynein; Lack most of inner & outer dynein arms; Chronic lung infection; Situs Inversus; infertility; Primary ciliary dyskinesia+situs inversus=KS

Question 2

Bullous pemphigoid

Answer 2

Auto-immune anti-hemidesmosomes; Blistering of skin

Question 3

Atrophy

Answer 3

decrease in size of existing cells;

Question 4

Hypertrophy

Answer 4

increase in size of existing cells

Question 5

Hyperplasia

Answer 5

increase in number of cells

Question 6

Metaplasia

Answer 6

reversible change in one mature epithelium by another

Question 7

Neoplasm

Answer 7

abnormal, uncontrolled proliferation of cells associated with development of cancers

Question 8

Carcinoma

Answer 8

malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin

Question 9

Carcinoma in situ

Answer 9

features of carcinoma in an epithelium, but no invasion of basement membrane

Question 10

Examples of metaplasia

Answer 10

Smoking leading to change from pseuostrat to stratified squamous epithelium

Question 11

Barrett’s oesophagus

Answer 11

PUD leading to metaplasia of oesophageal epithelium from strat squamous to columnar

Question 12

Cervical carcinoma

Answer 12

malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin; invasive nest breaking thru basement membrane

Question 13

Lipoma

Answer 13

Benign tumour of adipocytes;

Question 14

Ehlers-Danlos (EDS)

Answer 14

Mutations in gene encoding lysyl hydroxylase (req. Cross-linking); abnormalities in Type III collagen; defect in conversion of procollagen to collagen; Hyper-extensible and fragile skin, hypermobility of joints

Question 15

Hypertrophic scar

Answer 15

excess collagen; confined to boundaries of original wound;

Question 16

Keloid

Answer 16

excess collagen; scar tissue grows beyond original wound boundaries

Question 17

Scurvy

Answer 17

Deficiency in Vit. C; req. For activation of lysyl and prolyl hydroxylases; Required for hydroxylation of procollagen

Question 18

Marfan’s syndrome

Answer 18

AD mutation in fibrillin 1 (elastic tissue); Tall stature; long digits; lax joint/double jointedness; ectopis lentis; aortic aneurysm; mitral valve prolapse

Question 19

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 19

Specific receptor for IgE on Mast cells;

Question 20

Osteoarthritis

Answer 20

Degenerative joint disease as a result of wear & tear; progressive erosion of articular cartilage; Prolonged articulation on naked bones; bone becomes thickened, hard & eburnated (polished); subchondral cyst; residual articular cartilage

Question 21

Rickets

Answer 21

Deficiency of Vit. D in children leading to defective mineralisation of bone; Bow-leg; rachitic rosary; frontal bossing; ALL REVERSIBLE; Less mineralization; more osteoid

Question 22

Osteoporosis

Answer 22

Decreased bone mass; GH deficiency; excessive corticosteroids; Most common in elderly & post-menopausal

Question 23

Osteopetrosis

Answer 23

Reduced osteoclast activity & increased osteoblastic activity; marble like bones; Bones are abnormally brittle; aka Marble Bone Disease; Bones lack medullary canal; Medullary cavity abnormally filled with primary spongiosa and no hemtapoietic elements, therefore anemic & extramedullary hematopoiesis, especially liver

Question 24

Osteogenesis imperfect type 1

Answer 24

Genetic defect involving Type 1 collagen; Skeletal fragility; blue sclera; dentation problems; joint laxity; hearing impairment; aka Brittle bone disease