Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology 3000 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

(108 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Gray matter

A

Contains the cell bodies of neurons (and some fibers)

Cortex and deep grey matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

White matter

A

Contains myelinated axons

Below the cortex and running along tracts in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Connects two hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Diencephalon (3)

A

Structures deep in cerebral hemisphere

  1. Hypothalamus
  2. Thalamus
  3. Basal ganglia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Has three structures

Involved in motor control - skeletal muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Brainstem (3)

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cerebrum

A

4 lobes (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Controls movement, behaviour, emotions, higher intellectual functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Integrates sensory inputs like touch and controls language

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, smelling, memory and expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hippocampus

A

In control of memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Controls vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thalamus

A

Integrates sensory stimuli like pain and touch

Controls consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Connects many different parts of the brain and regulates many body functions (appetite, thirst, temperature)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Midbrain

A

Visual, auditory reflex centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory centers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pons

A

Bundles of axons carrying information to and from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cerebellum

A

Little brain
Coordinates voluntary movement
Controls the ability to stand upright without falling over
Controls muscle tone
Inputs include sensory information carried by spinal cord, vestibular organ and motor impulses form cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

White matter of the spinal cord

A

Dorsal, lateral and ventral columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Descending motor tracts

A

Corticospinal tracts in lateral and anterior columns
Downward extension of upper motor neurons in the brain
Contact lower motor neurons in anterior horn which stimulate contraction of skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ascending sensory tracts

A

Carry sensory information through posterior columns

Contain axons coming from neurons in the spinal ganglia which receive sensory information from the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Meninges (3)

A 
Membranous cover bathing the brain
\+BBB prevent ionization in the brain
1. Dura
2. Arachnoidea
3. Pia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Dura

A

Outermost meninges

Very thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Arachnoidea

A

Middle layer of meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Subarachnoid space
Contains CSF | Bathes the brain
26
Pia
Innermost layer of meninges | Very molded to sulci
27
Neuron
``` Perikaryon (body, dendrites, axon Postmitotic cells that do not divide or multiply Cannot be replaced Huge nucleus Nissle substance ```
28
Support cells in the brain (4)
1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendroglia 3. Microglia 4. Ependymal cells
29
Brain herniation
Caused by raised intracranial pressure Cingulate gyrus, cerebral tonsil, cerebral uncus Treatment by drilling in skull
30
Developmental disorders
Cause is usually known | Genetic diseases, chromosomal abnormalities, intrauterine infections (TORCH syndrome)
31
TORCH syndrome
To: toxoplasmosis R: rubella C: cytomegalovirus H: hepatitis, HIV
32
Anencephaly
Upper part of neural tube fails to develop - no brain
33
Meningecele
Vertebrae surrounding spinal cord fails to grow
34
Myelomeningocele
Spinal cord does not form | Born with significant paralysis
35
Spina bifida
Spinal cord fails to close properly, vertebrae do not fuse around it
36
Intracranial hemorrhages (4)
Defined by location 1. Epidural 2. Subdural 3. Subarachnoid 4. Intracerebral
37
Epidural hematomas
``` Between skull and dura Rupture of middle meningeal artery Takes hours to developed and localized Can be lethal Coma ```
38
Subdural hematomas
``` Located between dura and arachnoid Caused by blunt trauma Ruptured bridging veins Venous bleeding occurs slowly, so many be asymptomatic Can produce headache, coma, death ```
39
Subarachnoid hemorrhages
Located between arachnoid and pia layer of meninges Caused by traumatic contusion of brain, rupture of congenital aneurysms High mortality
40
Intracerebral hemorrhages
Rupture of intracerebral vessels Common complication of head trauma, gunshot wounds Non-traumatic forms include stroke Common with poor clotting Caused by arterial hypertension, or vascular malformations Basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons
41
Cerebrovascular disease/stroke (3)
``` Third most common cause of death Most common crippling disease Atherosclerosis of arteries supplying the brain - plaques can rupture and occlude 1. Global ischemia 2. Cerebral infarct 3. Intracerebral hemorrhage ```
42
Stroke
Sudden persistent loss of brain function from a vascular cause
43
Risk factors of cerebrovascular disease/stroke
Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, elevated cholesterol
44
Global ischemia
If many vessels are narrowed: multiple infarcts Over time can lead to dementia Hypoperfusion from cardiac arrest or peripheral bleeding Watershed infarcts Laminar necrosis
45
Cerebral infarct
Caused by thrombotic occlusion, thromoboemboli Pale or hemorhagic infarct (reperfusion) Edematous: from surrounding brain tissue Fluid filled cavity Never heals Clinical presentation depends on site of occlusion
46
Middle cerebral territory strokes
Contralateral hemiplegia and sensory loss | Global aphasia in the dominant hemisphere
47
Acute stroke edema
Can kill Accumulation of fluid because BBB is disrupted Raised intracranial pressure
48
Concussion
Transient loss of consciousness
49
Contusion
Crush brain, some bleeding
50
Laceration
Tear
51
Neck and spinal cord injuries (3)
1. Hyperextenion 2. Hyperflexion May transect spinal cord leading to paralysis
52
Routes of infection of CNS (3)
1. Direct extension 2. Via blood 3. Via nerves
53
Bacterial infection of CNS
Hematogenous route or from septic emboli | Meningitis, abcesses, myelitis, encephalitis, neurosyphilis, AIDs related CNS lesions
54
Meningitis in adults
Caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
55
Meningitis in babies
Caused by Group B streptococci, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes
56
Meningitis in children/adolescents
Caused by Neisseria meningitidis
57
Brain abcesses
Staphylococcus aureus
58
Rare infections of the CNS
Tuberculosis, syphilis
59
Viral infections of CNS
Hematogenous route or along nerves | Measles, rubella, adenovirus, herpes, cytomegalovirus, rabies
60
Protozoal infections of the CNS
Hematogenous route | Toxoplasma gondii causes encephalitis in neonates and immunosuppressed patients
61
Fungal infections of the CNS
Hematogenous route | Cadida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Cryptococcus neoformans
62
Early multiple sclerosis lesion
Macrophages phagocytose myelin Exit lesion Axons remain partially Left with reactive astrocytes in lesions
63
Late multiple sclerosis lesion
Astrocytes react to damage in early lesion | Cells cannot come remyelinate the axon
64
Multiple sclerosis
Demyelinating disease, presumed autoimmune Loss of neurons over time Women x2 > men Commonest neurological disease in young adults High prevalence of certain major histocompatibility antigens Oligoclonal T-cell population in the brain IgG in CSF composed of oligoclonal bands Episodes of exacerbation and remission - eventually becomes chronic
65
Sensory abnormalities in MS
Loss of sense of touch
66
Motor abnormalities in MS
Muscle weakness, unsteady gait, incoordination of movements, sphincter abnormalities
67
Diagnosis of MS
2 episodes separated in space and time | Remission between, different parts of the brain
68
Inborn errors of metabolism (2)
1. Tay-Sachs disease 2. Niemann-Pick disease Enzymes that metabolize components of lipids are lost Genetic
69
Nutritional disease
Acquired Inadequate intate of vitamins Vit B1, B12, nicotinic acid
70
Vitamin B1 deficiency
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
71
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
Caused by B1 deficiency | Two diseases rolled into one
72
Wernicke
Acute, abnormal eye movements
73
Korsakoff
Chronic, short-term memory loss
74
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord, peripheral neuropathy Leading to loss of sensation and motor function - demyelination of dorsal tracts Uncoordinated movements and psychiatric symptoms
75
Nicotinic acid deficiency
Causes pellagra | Dermatitis, diarrhea, delirium (dementia)
76
Alcoholism
CNS depressant than can kill | Direct and indirect effect on CNS
77
Indirect affects of alcoholism
Damage to liver and nutritional deficiencies
78
Nutritional deficiencies caused by alcoholism (4)
1. Thyamine deficiency 2. Wernicke-Korsakoff 3. Hepatic encephalopathy 4. Pontine myelinolysis
79
Hepatic encephalopathy
Too much ammonia in liver
80
Pontine myelinolysis
Damage to myelin in pons
81
Direct affects of alcoholism (5)
1. Loss of neurons 2. Cerebellar atrophy 3. Myelopathy 4. Neuropathy 5. Myopathy
82
Alzheimer's disease
Sporadic Increased levels of beta-amyloid - chronic ischemia in the brain Atrophy greatest in frontal and temporal lobes Age is factor
83
Dementia
Progressive loss of cognitive functions
84
Gross examination of Alzheimer's
Brain appears atrophic Narrowing of gyri Widening of sulci
85
Histological changes in Alzheimer's
Most prominent in cortex Neuritic plaques with beta-amyloid core Neurofibrillary tangles
86
Parkinson's disease
Subcortical neurodegenerative disorder Usually affects elferly Causes unknown, damage to substantia nigra in brain - decreased dopaminergic neurons
87
Symptoms of Parkinson's disease
TRAP | Tremor, rigidity, brady or akinesia, postural instability
88
Gross examination of Parkinson's
Substantia nigra looks pale
89
Histological characteristics of Parkinson's
Loss of neuromelanin-rich neurons | Present of Lewy-bodies
90
Huntington's disease
Autosomal dominant Disease only occurs when repeats reach a threshold Involuntary, gyrating movements, progressive dementia Atrophy of cortex, caudate, putamen Loss of neurons, reactive gliosis
91
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
``` Neurodegenerative disease Sporadic 10% have mutations in SOD-1 gene Older men, women Incurable ```
92
Motor symptoms of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Weakness, progressive wasting of muscles, fasciculations, slurred speech
93
Generalized epilepsy
Begins in childhood, idiopathic | Generalized electrical discharges leading to aura, tonic-clonic seizures and post-ictal drowsiness
94
Focal epilepsy
Secondary to a focus that can be detected using EEG or imaging Causes include brain trauma, meningitis, stroke, brain tumor May be controlled by drugs but may need surgery
95
Neoplasms of CNS
Rare - 2% of cancer High mortality (rapid growth, intracranial pressure) Usually younger
96
Primary CNS tumors (4)
1. Glial cells 2. Neural cell precursors 3. Meninges 4. Cranial and spinal nerves
97
Atrocytomas
Solid cerebral tumors in adults Cystic cerebellar tumors in children Well-differentiated astrocytes Progress into lesions
98
Glioblastoma multiforme
Most common CNS tumor 65yo Lateral hemispheres
99
Gross appearance of glioblastoma multiforme
``` Parts are necrotic, yellow Parts are hemorrhagic red Parts are white Irregularly shaped Poorly demarcated Butterfly-like appearance ```
100
Histological characteristics of glioblastoma multiforme
Highly anaplastic astrocytic cells Fetal appearance to cells, enlarged, bizarre shaped, multinucleated cells with well-developed cytoplasms Numerous mitotic figures Proliferatie changes in blood vessels
101
Oligodendrogliomas
Occur in cerebral hemispheres Middle-aged adults Well circumscribed, partially cystic, calcified Well-differentiated oligodendroglia Possible progression to glioblastoma multiform
102
Ependymomas
Children: ventricles Adults: spinal cord Tumor cells line papillary structures or form rosettes
103
Medullablastoma
Cerebellum Childhood Uncertain origin - primite neurectodermal cells May enter CSF and metastasize in other parts of CNS Poor prognosis
104
Meningiomas
Arise from meninges Dural baed Mainly benign Located near midline, base of brain, along spinal cord Cause epileptic seizures or motor deficits Excellent prognosis
105
Neuromas
Schwannomas | Neurofibromas
106
Neurofibromatosis type I
Produces multiple peripheral neurofibromas
107
Neurofibromatosis type II
Produces acoustic schwannomas as well as multiple meningiomas
108
Metastases to brain
50% of all tumors are metastases Solitary or multiple Lung, breast, melanoma

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions