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Pathology 3000 > Endocrine System - Final Exam > Flashcards

Endocrine System - Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine effect

A

Hormones that are released into circulation and act on distant organs

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2
Q

Growth hormone

A

Tissue growth

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3
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

For thyroid to release thyroid homrone

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4
Q

ACTH

A

Acts on adrenal gland to make cortical homrones

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5
Q

FSH

A

Acts on testes and ovary
(Sperm, testosterone)
(Ova, estrogen, progesterone)

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6
Q

LH

A

Acts on testes and ovary
(Sperm, testosterone)
(Ova, estrogen, progesterone)

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7
Q

PRL

A

Acts on breast glandular tissue

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8
Q

Oxytocin

A

Lactation

Uterine contraction

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9
Q

ADH

A

Kidney

Water reabsorption

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10
Q

Major diseases of endocrine system classifications (3)

A
  1. Hyperfunction
  2. Hypofunction
  3. Tumours
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11
Q

Hyposecretion of hormones (3)

A
  1. Agenesis
  2. Atrophy
  3. Destruction
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12
Q

Hypersecretion of hormones (2)

A
  1. Tumour

2. Hyperplasia

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13
Q

Pituitary diseases (3)

A
  1. Pituitary hyperfunction
  2. Pituitary hypofunction
  3. Localized mass (causing compression of optic chiasm and basal portion of brain)
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14
Q

Pituitary tumours (4)

A
  1. Prolactinoma
  2. Somatotropic ademona
  3. Corticotropic ademona
  4. Non-functioning tumours
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15
Q

Prolactimona

A

Amenorrhea and galactorrhea

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16
Q

Somatotropic ademona

A

Acromegaly (post-pubertal patient)
or
Gigantism (prepubertal patient)

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17
Q

Corticotropic adenoma

A

Cushing disease

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18
Q

Causes of pituitary hypofunction (3)

A
  1. Acute postpartum pituitary insufficiency
  2. Tumours that compress the pituitary
  3. Trauma to base of skull or intracranial surgery
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19
Q

Acute postpartum pituitary insufficiency

A

Sheehan’s syndrome

Due to ischemia related post-partum pituitary necrosis

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20
Q

Panhypopituitarism

A

Decreased production of all pituitary hormones

General weakness, cold intolerance, poor appetite, weight loss, hypotension

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21
Q

Diseases of posterior pituitary (1)

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus
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22
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

Lack of antidiuretic hormone

Polyuria (hypotonic urine)

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23
Q

Causes of diseases of posterior pituitary (4)

A
  1. Tumours
  2. Infections of brain or meninges
  3. intracranial hemorrhage
  4. Trauma or bones at base of skull or transection of pituitary stalk
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24
Q

Thyroid disease (4)

A
  1. Hyperthyroidism
  2. Hypothyroidism
  3. Goiter
  4. Thyroid tumours
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25
Hyperthyroidism
``` Excess of free thyroid hormones in blood More often seen in women Thyroid is warm, nodular, diffusely enlarged Hyperactive Diarrhea Warm/sweaty skin Restlessness Nervousness Emotional lability Muscle trmous Tachycardia Weightloss ```
26
Causes of hyperthyroidism (5)
1. Grave's disease 2. Idiopathic nodular hyperplasia 3. Adenoma 4. Exogenous thyroid (ingestion) 5. Medication
27
Grave's disease
Autoantibodies to TSH receptor on surface of thyroid follicle cells Usual clinical features of hyperthyroidism + exophthalmos and pretibial edema
28
Exophthalmos
Bulging eyes
29
Goiter of thyroid
Nodular goiter Nodules that enlarge and deform the thyroid Secondary changes Most are non-toxic (euthryoid) Symptoms (hoarseness and cough) are related to compression of larynx
30
Causes of nodular goiter (2)
1. Iodine deficiency | 2. Idiopathic
31
Causes of hypothyroidism (4)
1. Developmental disorders 2. Thyroiditis 3. Thyroidectomy 4. Iodine deficiency
32
Developmental disorders causing hypothyroidism
Aplasia of thyroid
33
Hashimoto's disease
Thyroiditis | Immune disease
34
Hypothyroidism in children
Thyroid dwarfism and mental retardation (cretinism)
35
Hypothyroidism in adults (5)
1. Myxedema (doughlike puffy skin) 2. Heart failure (bradycardia) 3. Constipation 4. Cold intolerance 5. Muscle weakness
36
Thyroid neoplasms (2)
1. Benign tumours | 2. Malignant tumours
37
Benign tumours of thyroid
Follicular adenoma
38
Follicular adenoma
Common, occuring in 3-4% of all adults | Limited significance
39
Malignant tumours of thyroid (4)
1. Papillary carcinoma 2. Follicular carcinoma 3. Medullary carcinoma 4. Anaplastic carcinoma
40
Papillary carcinoma
80% of all malignant thyroid tumours | Low grade with favourable prognosis
41
Follicular carcinoma
Relatively good prognosis
42
Medullary carcinoma
Derived from C-cells | Produces calcitonin
43
Anaplastic carcinoma
Most patients due within 1 year of diagnosis
44
Calcitonin
Reduces blood calcium
45
Parathyroid hormone
Increases blood calcium
46
Disease of parathyroid glands (2)
1. Hyperparathyroidism | 2. Hypoparathyroidism
47
Hyperparathyroidism
Primary and secondary
48
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Dye to parathyroid hyperplasia or neoplasia
49
Secondary hyperparathyroidism
Due to chronic renal failure
50
Parathyroid hyperplasia
Primary or secondary
51
Primary parathyroid hyperplasia
All glands become bigger
52
Secondary parathyroid hyperplasia
If kidneys are in trouble, Calcium levels are low | Stimulating parathyroid gland to increase parathyroid hormone
53
Consequences of hyperparathyroidism (2)
Stones, bones, moans and groans 1. Bone resorption 2. Indirectly stimulates Ca absorption in intestine (hypercalcemia)
54
Hypercalcemia (3)
1. Renal stones 2. Psychiatric manifestations (moans) 3. Stomach ulcers (groans)
55
Parathyroid neoplasia
1. Ademona (selective for nodules) | 2. Carcinoma (selective for nodules, invasive)
56
Diseases of adrenal cortex (3)
1. Adrenal hyperfunction 2. Adrenal hypofunction 3. Nonfunctioning adrenal tumours
57
Adrenal hyperfunction (3)
1. Hyperaldosteronism 2. Hypercortisolism 3. Adrenogenital syndrome
58
Hyperaldosteronism
Conn's syndrome | Zona glomerulosa
59
Hypercortisolism
Cushing's SYNDROME - primary due to adrenal | Zona fasciculata
60
Adrenogenital synfrome
Zona reticularis
61
Causes of hypercortisolism (4)
1. Adrenal adenoma 2. Adrenal hyperplasia (Cushing's disease) 3. Adrenal carcinoma 4. Exogenous cortisol
62
Clinical features of Cushing's syndrome
``` Moon faces Obesity Cutaneous striae Emotional instability Buffalo hump Osteoporosis Muscle wasting ```
63
Adrenocortical hypofunction
Acute or chronic
64
Acute adrenal insufficiency
Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome in menigococcal sepsis
65
Chronic adrenal insufficiency
Addison's disease
66
Addison's disease caused by (4)
Chronic adrenal insufficiency 1. Autoimmune diseases (most common) 2. Tumours (bilateral metastases to adrenals) 3. Tuberculosis 4. Amyloidosis
67
Symptoms of Addison's disease
``` Fatigue Weigh loss Nausea Hypotensive and have frequent syncope Susceptible to recurrent infections ```
68
Tumours of Adrenal Medulla (2)
1. Neuroblastoma | 2. Pheochromocytoma
69
Neuroblastoma
Tumours of neuroblasts (most commonly adrenal gland) in children Malignant
70
Pheochromocytoma
Tumour of adrenal medulla in adults Mostly benign, malignant in 10% Solitary tymours that secrete EN and NE VMA found in urine - important for diagnosis
71
Symptoms of pheochromocytoma (6)
1. Malignant hypertension 2. Sudden heart palpitations 3. Sudden attacks of dizziness 4. Blurred vision 5. Excruciating headaches 6. Increased catecholamines in urine

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

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