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Pathology 3000 > Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Respiratory Tract Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Nasopharynx

A

Nose to throat

Respiratory epithelium

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2
Q

Pharynx

A

Nasopharynx + oropharynx

Squamous epithelium

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3
Q

Larynx

A

Starts at epiglottis and contains vocal cords

Squamous epithelium

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4
Q

Trachea

A

Only part of the middle respiratory tract

Respiratory epithelium

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5
Q

Respiratory epithelium

A

Cuboidal epithelium
Ciliated cells, mucous producing cells, neuroendocrine cells, reserve (progenitor) cells
Protective role

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6
Q

Alveoli

A

Lined by pneumocytes

Type 1 and Type 2

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7
Q

Type 1 pneumocytes

A

Air exchange cells

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8
Q

Type 2 pneumocytes

A

Surfactant producing cells

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9
Q

Surfactant

A

Increases surface tension, allowing alveoli to remain open

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10
Q

Upper respiratory tract infections

A

The common cold
Caused by viruses (rhinoviruses, influenze, parainfluenza)
Self-limited, do not need antibiotics
Acute inflammation of nose, paranasal sinuses, larynx, pharynx

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11
Q

Viral pneumonia

A

URI going to lungs

Usually in immunocompromised

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12
Q

Otitis media

A

URI going to middle ear

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13
Q

Middle respiratory tract infection

A

Infection of laryx, trachea and mainstem bronchi
Most common among children
Results from extension of URI, may be associated with pneumonia
Can be life threatening to adults

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14
Q

Laryngitis

A

MRI
Croup
Inflammation of larynx causing stridor and barking cough
Parainfluenza virus

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15
Q

Acute epiglottitis

A

MRI
Haemophilus influenzae
Immunization is standard
Life threatening

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16
Q

Viral trachaeobronchitis

A

MRI

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17
Q

Bronchiolitis

A

MRI

More lower, but not aveoli

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18
Q

Lower respiratory tract infections

A

Pneumonia
Bacteria, viruses, fungi
Alveolar or interstitial pneumonia

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19
Q

Alveolar pneumonia

A

Caused by bacteria
Focal or diffuse
Neutrophils and exudate in alveolia

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20
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Focal alveolar pneumonia

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21
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Diffuse alveolar pneumonia

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22
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Caused by viruses or Mycoplasma pneumonia (atypical bacteria)
Diffuse and bilateral
Alveolar septal thickening with macrophages and lymphocytes
Needs to be cultured

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23
Q

Pathogenesis of pneumomia (4)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Inhalation of pathogens as air droplets
  2. Aspiration of infected secretions from URT
  3. Aspiration of gastric contents
  4. Hematogenous spread (bacteriemia, sepsis)
24
Q

Clinical features of pneumonia

Study These Flashcards
A

Fever, chills
Cough
Airway obstruction, shortness of breath, rapid breathing
Inflammation and tissue destruction, bloody cough

25
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
26
Tachypnea
Rapid breathing
27
Hemoptysis
Bloody couch
28
Common causes of pneumonia (4)
1. Bacteria 2. Viruses 3. Fungi 4. Bacteria-like organisms
29
Complications of pneumonia (4)
1. Scar tissue 2. Pus in pleural space 3. Large collection of neutrophils with destruction of tissue 4. Chronic changes in lung parenchyma
30
Pulmonary tuberculosis
``` M. tuberculosis with tiny rod-shaped bacteria with acid-resistant coating Gramulomatous reactions (nodules of multinucleated macrophages and lymphocytes with central necrosis) ```
31
Primary pulmonary tuberculosis infection
Localized lung lesion - Ghon's complex Enlarged lymph nodes Heals but dormant bacteria may be present
32
Secondary tuberculosis
Reactivated infection Bacteria spread to lung apices Cause granulomatous pneumonia
33
Widespread dissemination of TB
Hematogenous, lymphatic or via airways | Miliary TB in lungs, pleuritis, extrapulmonary granulomas
34
Asthma
Inflammatory condition Increased responsiveness of bronchi to variety of stimuli Intrinsic, extrinsic Asthma attacks Most common chronic disease of children, resolves spontaneously in adults
35
Intrinsic (non-atopic) asthma
Heat/cold, exercise, chemical irritant, psychological stress, infection
36
Extrinsic (atopic) asthma
Exposure to exogenous allergens Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions - mediators of inflammation Associated with food allergies, dermatitis, usually in children Over time - smooth muscle and mucous gland hyperplasia
37
Chronic obstructive lung disease
COPD Term for lung diseases causing chronic airway obstruction Including chronic bronchitis and emphysema Vast majority caused by smoking
38
Chronic bronchitis
Excessive production of bronchial mucous causing productive cough, must be 3mo over 2 years Permanent dilation of bronchi caused by persistent inflammation Mucous material stagnates, cannot be cleared Scarring in lungs, pulmonary hypertension, right sided heart failure Cyanosis and fluid retention
39
Bronchiectasis
Permanent dilation of bronchi due to persistent inflammation
40
Cyanosis
Decreased oxygen to peripheries
41
Emphysema
Enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal bronchioles Destruction of alveolar walls No productive cough Reduced respiratory surface with compensatory tachypnea Over expanded and overinflated chest - barrel chest
42
Pneumoconioses
Lung diseases caused by inhalation of dust, fumes, inorganic and organic matter Lung injury depends on size/qualities of particles, concentration and duration
43
Asbestosis
Pneumoconioses due to asbestos | Usually large and retain in nose
44
Lung lesions associated with asbestos (4)
1. Pulmonary fibrosis (shortness of breath) 2. Pleural fibrosis, pleural plaques (asymptomatic) 3. Lung cancer 4. Mesothelioma
45
Most common neoplasms of the RT (2)
1. Carcinoma of the larynx | 2. Lung carcinoma
46
Carcinoma of the larynx
Older age, male, smoking, alcohol | Vocal cords
47
Lung carcinoma
Most common malignant tumor of internal organs Smoking Small cell carcinoma, non-small cell carcinoma Poor prognosis Usually from bronchiole tree
48
Carcinogenic
Activation of oncogenes and/or activation of tumor suppressor genes
49
Irritant
Causes metaplasia
50
Types of lung carcinoma (2)
1. Small cell carcinoma | 2. Non-small cell carcinoma
51
Small cell carcinoma
Precursor: neuroendocrine cell
52
Non-small cell carcinoma (3)
1. Squamous cell carcinoma 2. Adenocarcinoma 3. Large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma
53
Clinical features of lung cancer (4)
1. Bronchial irritation 2. Local extension into pleural cavity, pleural effusion and shortness of breath 3. Distant metastasis 4. Systemic affects
54
Metastatic cancer to lung
Even more common than primary lung cancer | May present as solitary lesion, multiple lesions, diffuse involvement of lungs
55
Pleural disease (4)
1. Pneumothorax 2. Pleural effusion 3. Epyema 4. Mesothelioma
56
Mesothelioma
Rare tumor from pleural cells (parietal or visceral) Linked to asbestos exposure but can be sporadic Poor prognosis

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

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