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Pathology 3000 > Gastrointestinal Pathology > Flashcards

Gastrointestinal Pathology Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

Serosa

A

Outer layer of GI tract

Epithelium of peritoneum and connective tissue

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2
Q

Muscularis

A

Second to outermost layer of GI tract

Outer longitudinal layer, inner circular layer, myenteric plexus

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3
Q

Submucosa

A

Second from inner layer

Submucosal plexus, glands, blood vessels

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4
Q

Mucosa

A

Innermost layer

Smooth muscle, loose connective tissue, epithelium

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5
Q

Main functions of GI system

A

Ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption, excretion

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6
Q

Cleft lip

A

Congenital abnormality
Clefting of the lip, and sometimes palate
Due to failed fusion of nasal and maxillary processes in fetal development
Common to certain families
Repaired by modern orthodontic surgery

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7
Q

Dental caries

A

One of the msot common human diseases
Due to accumulation of bacterial plaques that erode through dentin and penetrate into the tooth
Prevented through water fluorination, brushing and dental hygiene

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8
Q

Stomatitis

A

Inflammation of the mouth

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9
Q

Causes of stomatitis (2)

A
  1. Herpes virus infection

2. Candida albicans infection (thrush)

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10
Q

Aphthous stomatitis

A

Canker sores

Painful, recurrent, spontaneous healing oral ulcers of unknown etiology

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11
Q

Oral cancers

A

Usually squamous cell carcinoma
Often related to alcohol and tobacco smoking
Some related to HPV

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12
Q

Morphology of oral cancer

A

Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
Ulcer
Nodule

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13
Q

Leukoplakia

A

White plaque

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14
Q

Erythroplakia

A

Red plaque

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15
Q

Esophageal clinical presentations (5)

A
  1. Dysphagia
  2. Odynophagia
  3. Retrosternal burning
  4. Aspiration
  5. Regurgitation
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16
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty swallowing

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17
Q

Odynophagia

A

Retrosternal chest pain during swallowing

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18
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Sliding or paraesophageal
Proximal part of stomach herniates into thoracic cavity
Acquired condition

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19
Q

Paraesophageal hiatal hernia

A

Uncommon
Can be life threatening
Can become ischemic, and if it becomes necrotic a sugery is needed

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20
Q

Sliding hiatal hernia

A

Very common not usually clinically significant

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21
Q

Esophageal varices

A

Dilated veins in the distal esophagus
Usually due to portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis of the liver
Rupture can result in catastrophic upper GI bleeding

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22
Q

Esophagitis

A

Inflammation of the esophagus, common causing heartburn

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23
Q

Causes of esophagitis (3)

A
  1. Reflux esophagitis
  2. Infectious esophagitis
  3. Chemical irritants
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24
Q

Reflux esophagitis

A

GERD

Due to reflux juices into esophagus

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25
Infectious esophagitis
Viruses (HSV), fungi (Candida) | typically in immunosuppressed persons
26
Chemical irritants
``` Exogenous chemicals (lye) Pill (medications, getting stuck) ```
27
Carcinoma of the esophagus
``` 4% of cancers Higher incidence in Asia and Africa Poor prognosis Squamous cell carcinoma (upper or lower) Adenocarcinoma in lower develops in Barrett's esophagus (intestinal metaplasia) ```
28
Barrett's esophagus
Biggest risk factor for cancer Due to reflux Adenocarcinoma, can metastasize throughout intestines
29
Stomach clinical presentations (5)
1. Pain 2. Vomiting 3. Bleeding 4. Dyspepsia 5. Systemic consequences (B12 deficiency, anemia)
30
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
31
Melena
Black tarry stool
32
Dyspepsia
Abdominal discomfort
33
Gastritis
Acute or chronic
34
Acute gastritis
Erosive Stress, shock, food, exogenous chemicals, drugs Ulcerations
35
Chronic gastritis
Helicobacter pylori related | Autoimmune (with pernicious anemia)
36
Peptic ulcers
Can bleed Multifactorial Mucosa is broken and replaced by granulation tissue Can erode into an artery and cause significant hemorrhage
37
Peptic ulcers contributing factors (3)
1. Gastric acid 2. Mucosal barrier defects (stress, shock, NSAIDs, smoking) 3. Helicobactor pylori infection
38
Peptic ulcer complications (4)
1. Hemorrhage 2. Penetration into the pancreas 3. Perforation (peritonitis) 4. Cicatrization
39
Cicatrization
Scarring, stenosis
40
Gastric tumors
Benign or malignant
41
Benign gastric tumors
Polyps
42
Malignant gastric tumors
Adenocarcinoma, lymphoma
43
Carcinomas of the stomach
Adenocarcinoma More common in Japan and Chile Etiology is not clear - nitrosamines in food, H pylori Superficial, polypoid, ulcerated, diffuse infiltrating
44
Linitis plastica
Carcinoma of the stomach Diffuse infiltrating Stomach becomes very hard, like leather
45
Intestines clinical presentations (5)
1. Diarrhea 2. Blood in stool 3. Abdominal pain 4. Obstruction 5. Weight loss
46
Gastrointestinal infections
Often cause acute, self-limited diarrheal illness (excluding Giardia)
47
Causes of infectious diarrhea (4)
1. Viral infections 2. Bacterial infections 3. Bacterial toxins 4. Parasites
48
Viral infections causing diarrhea
Rotavirus, Norwalk virus
49
Bacterial infections causing diarrhea
E coli, Campylobacter jujuni, Clastridium difficile | Travels diarrhea
50
Bacterial toxins causing diarrhea
Shigella toxin Food poisoning Usually the same day
51
Parasites causing diarrhea
Giardia lamblia
52
Malabsorptive syndromes
Inability of intestine to absorb nutrients from food | Most common in Canada is Celiac sprue
53
Celiac sprue
Hypersensitivity to gliaden (break down of gluten) Injury to duodenal villi causes them to be flattened Weight loss, diarrhea, nutritional deficiencies
54
Inflammatory bowel disease
Chronic inflammation disease of the intestines Causes chronic abdominal pain and diarrhea (blood, mucus) Crohns and Ulcerative Colitis Might be familial
55
Crohns Disease
Segmental distribution, including small intestine Thickening of wall with stricture of the intestine Deep, transmural ulcers, inflammation Granuloma, fistula, cancer Cobblestone inflammation
56
Ulcerative Colitis
Continuous involvement of the colon Limited to mucosa, but can have superficial ulcers and inflammatory pseudopolyps Never involves ileum, small intestine and is never patchy
57
Causes of intestinal obstruction (2)
1. Paralytic ileus | 2. Mechanical (obstructive) ileus
58
Mechanical ileus (7)
1. Atresia or stenosis 2. Stricture 3. Intussusception 4. Volvulus 5. Hernia 6. Adhesions 7. Neoplasms
59
Intussusception
Invagination of one segment of the intestine into the following segment
60
Volvulus
Twisting of the intestine around its mesenteric root, which cuts off blood supply
61
Hernia
Protrusion of the abdominal contents into the abdominal wall Usually due to weakness or defect in abdominal wall Bowel can close off and become necrotic Asymptomatic except bulge
62
Diverticulosis of the colon
Outpouchings of the colon Congenital or acquired due to increased intraluminal pressure in sigmoid Very common in Canada
63
Complications of diverticulosis of the colon
Inflammation, strictures, fistulas, rupture causing peritonitis
64
Hemorrhoids
Dilated submucosal veins in anal canal | Bleeding, pain
65
Angiodysplasia
Abnormal submucosal vessels that can bleed in the colon
66
Ischemic bowel disease (3)
1. Acute thrombosis of mesenteric arteries, veins (mesenteric thrombosis) 2. Vasculitis 3. Mechanical obstruction of vessels
67
Mesenteric thrombosis
Ischemic bowel disease Can be due to atherosclerosis Infarction of intestines, can be fatal
68
Intestinal neoplasms
Colon mostly Epithelial tumors (adenomas/carcinomas) are 90% More common than lymphomas or mesenchymal tumors
69
Classification of intestinal tumors (3)
1. Non-neoplastic polyps 2. Benign neoplasms 3. Malignant neoplasms
70
Non-neoplastic polyps of the intestine
Hyperplastic polyp, inflammatory polyp, juvenile polyp, Peutz-Jeghers polyp
71
Benign neoplasms of the intestine
Tubular ademona, villous adenoma, tubulovillous adenoma, benign stromal tumors
72
Malignant neoplasms of the intestine
Adenocarcinoma, carcinoid, lymphona, sarcoma
73
Carcinoma of the large intestine
Third most common cancer of the interal organs
74
Genetic factors - Colon Cancer (2)
1. Familial adenomatous polyposis | 2. Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome)

Pathology 3000 (14 decks)

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