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Geography - Physical > Coasts EQ3 > Flashcards

Coasts EQ3 Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

what does the sea level rise by on average per year

A

3.3 millimetres

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2
Q

what is isostatic change

A

a rise or fall in land level. This is always local

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3
Q

what is eustatic change

A

a rise or fall in water level. This is always global

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4
Q

what are 3 types of isostatic change

A

tectonic activity
land sink from sediment
isostatic rebound

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5
Q

what is tectonic activity causes isostatic change

A

tectonic activity causes movements in the earths crust can also effect land levels relative to the sea.

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6
Q

what is an example of tectonic activity causing isostatic change

A

Japan’s coastline sunk by 1m as a result of 2011 earthquake

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7
Q

what is land sink from sediment as an example of isostatic change

A

land can sink at the coast due to the weight from deposition of sediment. This is particularly the case for large river deltas

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8
Q

what is isostatic rebound

A

during a glacial period the weight of ice on land causes the earths crust to sink. when the ice melts the land then slowly rebounds, This the lifts the land out of the sea

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9
Q

what are 3 types of eustatic change

A

glaciers form on land
glacial melting
thermal expansion

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10
Q

how are glaciers forming on land a form of eustatic change

A

during glacial periods, glaciers form on land. Water which is evaporated from the sea is locked up on land so sea levels lower

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11
Q

how is glacial melting a form of eustatic change

A

when glacial period ends melting ice sheets return water to the sea. this is accelerated through anthropogenic climate change and causes sea level rise

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12
Q

how is thermal expansion a form of eustatic

A

when particles heat up they also expand because they gain kinetic energy and move around more, this increases their overall volume. This causes sea level rise

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13
Q

what is the enhanced greenhouse effect

A

through human activity, the amount of greenhouse gases increases in the atmosphere making it thicker. This means less heat is able to escape the Earth’s atmosphere and so the earths temperature increased as more infrared heat is reflected back on the surface

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14
Q

how does the enhanced greenhouse effect impact coastal areas around the world

A
  • increased coastal erosion
  • tropical storms increased frequency and intensity
  • loss of biodiversity
  • coastal retreat
  • coastal flooding
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15
Q

what are the impacts from global warming in bangladesh

A

unpredictable weather and climate
sea level rise
dangerous floods
tropical storms

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16
Q

why is Bangladesh vulnerable to global warming

A

limited capacity to cope
rely heavily on farming an fishing
low lying

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17
Q

why is policymaking difficult in Bangladesh

A

language barriers between different cultures. Hindu farmers more affected as they typically earn less
don’t include locals in decision making

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18
Q

what are the impacts of global warming in florida

A

sea level rise - flooding affected real estate value
stronger storms - more intense and frequent
agriculture affected

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19
Q

what is a delta

A

deposition of sediment that carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth and enters slower moving or stagnant water
as the sediment is dropped the particles clump together (flocculation)

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20
Q

example of a delta

A

Nile delta

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21
Q

what is the IPCC

A

Intergovernmental panel on climate change

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22
Q

why is the Nile delta important

Study These Flashcards
A

agricultural hub
economic importance
housing
biodiversity hotspot

23
Q

how many people live on Nile delta

24
Q

why is the Nile delta so densely populated

Study These Flashcards
A

such a small area where fresh water is accessible and the land is fertile

25
what dam is causing problems to the Nile Delta
Aswan dam is blocking sediment from the delta so it is not getting replenished
26
human factors for threats to the Nile delta
-human pollution -damming (aswan) -overpopulation -rapid urbanisation -human induced climate change -industrial waste -deforestation
27
physical factors for threats to Nile delta
-sea level rise -coastal erosion -reduced sediment deposition -land subsidence -changes in rainfall patterns
28
what are 5 factors affecting the rate of recession
wind direction tides weather systems sub-aerial processes impacts of global warming
29
how does wind direction affect the rate of coastal recession
coasts will experience maximum erosion where the wave fetch is the longest. coasts with long fetches are more likely to retreat faster
29
what is an example of how wind direction affects the rate of erosion
Land's end in cornwall has very large waves as long fetch over Atlantic
30
how does a long fetch increase wave intensity
the longer the distance that wind has to blow over water, the more energy the wave can build so it will be more powerful
31
how does tides affect the rate of coastal recession
if high tides coincide with destructive storm waves it can amplify the wave power. This causes erosion to be at a maximum and increases the rate of recession
32
what is an example of how tides affect the rate of erosion
erosion is higher at the equator as the gravitational pull is stronger
33
how does sub-aerial processes affect the rate of coastal recession
both weathering and mass movement accelerate recession rates. weathering weakens cliffs and causes increased erosion rates. Mass movement moves sediment to the base off coastal where it can be taken away by longshore drift, increasing recession
34
what is an example of how sub-aerial processes affects the rate of erosion
cliff failures on French side of English channel due to chalk cliffs being eroded by weathering
35
how does impacts of global warming affect the rate of coastal erosion
intensified low pressure systems. Uk now experiences stronger winds and larger storms. coastal erosion during winter is likely to increase and rising sea levels will erode beaches more
36
what is an example of how global warming affects the rate of coastal recession
Holderness coast average rate of erosion is 1.25m per year
37
why is the Netherlands vulnerable to coastal flood risk
-drained wetlands making them usable for agriculture -land sits below sea level reclaimed 20% of land from sea
38
what has the Netherlands done to reduce their coastal flood risk
built dykes and pumping systems designed infrastructure to withstand coastal flooding e.g. elevated structures evacuation plans and emergency response strategies
39
why are mangroves good
act as a natural flood defence to protect the land. They absorb wave energy which reduces wave height by 40%. this reduces coastal flooding and erosion
40
why are mangroves removed
-urban development -agriculture, aquaculture -timber, fuelwood harvesting -tourism development
41
why is Java, Indonesia vulnerable to coastal flooding
due to the deforestation of mangroves, this has reduced its natural flood defences making it more vulnerable to sea level rise, storm surges and coastal flooding
42
what is a storm surge
the abnormal rise in seawater during a storm. The surge is caused primarily by a storms winds pushing water onshore.
43
what impact has global warming had on storm surges
- has increased the flooding storm surges cause due to rising sea levels - stronger storms as ocean temperatures are warmer - increase coastal erosion
44
what is an example of a place with HICs that storm surges affect
the north sea (HICs like UK and the Netherlands)
45
why are countries around the north sea vulnerable to storm surges
-north sea is shallow and semi-enclosed allowing for strong winds and low pressure systems -rising sea levels due to climate change have reduced the severity of these events
46
why are cities like London and Rotterdam particularly vulnerable to storm surges
they are built along estuaries, Ageing infrastructure (flood defences), extreme weather
47
what is an example of a LIC that is storm surges affect
Bangladesh
48
why is Bangladesh vulnerable to storm surges
-location, high population density, low lying coastline in the Bay of Bengal
49
what has increased Bangladesh's vulnerability to storm surges
- deforestation (removal of mangroves) - poverty - limited infrastructure make it hard to mitigate impacts - lack of education and evacuation plans
50
what is the IPCC
International Panel on Climate Change
51
why are the impacts of climate change globally uncertain
there are limitations to our understanding of the earths systems and how they respond to greenhouse gas emissions. There is natural variability, volcanic eruptions, solar radiations, fluctuations
52
why is the exact impact of sea level rise uncertain
- complex climate systems: behaviour of ice sheets, glaciers, ocean circulation - climate forcing variability - the effectiveness of climate policies are unpredictable - knowledge gaps: historical data

Geography - Physical (7 decks)

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