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Geography - Physical > Tectonics EQ3 > Flashcards

Tectonics EQ3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the EM-DAT

A

The emergency event database

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2
Q

What does the EM-DAT research

A

The epidemiology of disasters

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3
Q

What is the trend since 1960 of number of deaths from tectonic disasters

A

Between 1960-2012 the number of deaths increased. With the amount peaking in 1998 and then beginning to decrease again

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4
Q

What is the trend since 1960 of the number of affected persons from tectonic disasters

A

Fluctuating but overall increases slights. Is a large spike in 2002/3 in Asia. However most other continents remain relatively the same

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5
Q

Why was there a large increase of the number of people affected by tectonic disasters in Asia in 2002/3

A

This could be because of multi- hazard zones being hit frequently, pacific ring of fire, LICs and NEEs less equipped to deal with disaster, high population and uneven distribution of wealth

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6
Q

What is the trend of economic damage since 1960 due to tectonic disasters

A

Overall increase with a large spike in 2011

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7
Q

Why has there been an increase in economic damage since 1960

A

Industrialisation, infrastructure is more expensive due to technology advances, more population = more buildings

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8
Q

Why has there been an overall increase in the number of deaths because of tectonic disasters since 1960

A

This could be because of global population increase (3 billion - 6 billion), urbanisation, better reporting of deaths and climate change

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9
Q

Why should we question data obtained about tectonic disasters

A

Media can exaggerate for shock factor
Governments give fake numbers for financial gain
Older data didn’t gave proper technology
No universal definition of disaster
Remote locations
Population size could be unknown (squatter settlements)

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10
Q

What is a mega-disaster

A

Affects more than 1 country
Large scale disaster
Needs international support
Cause problems for management
Economic/human impact

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11
Q

Name 4 examples of mega-disasters

A

2004 Boxing Day tsunami
2010 Iceland E15 eruption
2011 Japanese tsunami
2023 Turkey-Syria earthquake

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12
Q

what is the regional significance of the E15 eruption

A

-people had to evacuate
-affected tourism
-people had to leave livelihood (tourism)

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13
Q

what is the global significance of the E15 eruption

A

-no fly zone across Europe
-airlines lost £130mill per day

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14
Q

what is the economic significance of the E15 eruption

A

-Europe lost €2.6billion in GDP

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15
Q

what is the human significance of the E15 eruption

A

-700 people evacuated
-no deaths
-people stuck in foreign countries due to no fly zone

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16
Q

what is the regional significance of the Japanese tsunami

A

-some electricity shortages
-surpassed sea defences
-destroyed over 12,000 homes
-destroyed railways

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17
Q

what is the global significance of the Japanese tsunami

A

-disrupted supply chains
-UK rescue and relief teams
-nuclear power station released toxic chemicals into environment

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18
Q

what is the economic significance of the Japanese tsunami

A

-$360 billion loss
-loss of 0.5% of global economic growth

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19
Q

what is the human significance of the Japanese tsunami

A

-20,000 deaths
-450,000 made homeless

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20
Q

what is the regional significance of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

-thousands of buildings collapsed
-116 heath facilities damaged in Syria
-UN AID took a week to reach Syria because president wouldn’t open the border due to conflict

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21
Q

what is the global significance of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

-UK government responded immediately with humanitarian support
-UN flash appeal for donations

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22
Q

what is the economic significance of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

-Turkey lost 11% of GDP
-170,000 jobs lost in Syria

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23
Q

what is the human significance of the Turkey-Syria earthquake

A

-60,000 deaths
-120,000 injured
-75,000 homeless

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24
Q

what is the regional significance of the boxing day tsunami

A

-millions of people displaced
-infrastructure damage to roads, ports
-coastal ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs) damaged

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25
what is the global significance of the boxing day tsunami
-impacted 14 countries (Indonesia was hardest hit followed by Sri Lanka) -scientists in USA knew but couldn't warn them it was coming -international humanitarian AID
26
what is the economic significance of the boxing day tsunami
-$10 billion in damages -heavily impacted industries such as tourism in Thailand
27
what is the human significance of the boxing day tsunami
-300,000 deaths -1.7 million displaced -psychological trauma
28
what is a multiple hazard zone
an area that suffers from more than one type of hazard frequently. (tectonic and hydro-meteological)
29
name some examples of multiple hazard zones
Philippines, Japan, pacific ring of fire, Mexico
30
why is it important to identify Hazard hot spots
it has huge implications for the development, investment, planning, disaster preparation and loss preventation within a country
31
what are the cross cutting factors affecting the Philippines hazard vulnerability
-high population density -large agricultural sector -low lying land at coast -risk of landslides -LIC
32
what is the leading hazard in the philipines
Typhoons
33
on average how many typhoons are there annually in the Philippines
19
34
what hazard is less common but affects many people when does occur
drought (affects 6 million people
35
why are landslides common in the Philippines
rainfall lubricates soil. rugged mountain terrain so can occur anywhere
36
what is the difference between prediction and forecasting
prediction = where forecasting = when, magnitude
37
how can you forecast earthquake risk
based on the statistical likelihood of an event happening at a particular location based on evidence gathered through global seismic monitoring.
38
what type of earthquake risk forecast is more reliable
Long term (LT) forecasts are more reliable than short term (ST)
39
why are earthquake forecasts so important
can encourage governments to enforce better preparation ( e.g. building regulations or improve education procedures)
40
can you predict earthquakes
it is not possible currently to make accurate earthquake prediction. for this you would need to identify a diagnostic precursor
41
what is a diagnostic precursor
a pattern of seismic activity which would indicate a high probability of a earthquake happening in a small window of space and time
42
what is the hazard management cycle
a model which attempts to help better understand disaster management
43
describe the hazard management cycle
preparedness --> response --> recovery --> mitigation
44
what is preparedness in the hazard management cycle
being ready for an event to occur
45
what is response in the hazard management cycle
immediate action taken
46
what is recovery in the hazard management cycle
long term responses
47
what is mitigation in the hazard management cycle
strategies to lessen the effects of the next one
48
hazard management cycle
49
what are some examples of disruptions to the hazard management cycle
-frequency -wealth -corruption -extremist groups
50
what is the role of scientists in earthquake forecasting and prediction
some scientists are trying to predict where plates are rubbing together, which in theory will detect 'stress zones'
51
what is the role of scientists in volcano forecasting and prediction
some geophysicists are tracking the underground movement of magna to try and predict and forecast, when where and what magnitude the volcano will erupt as
51
why is it difficult for predictions to be useful
they must be highly accurate both spatially and temporally in order to be useful and allow for evacuation of affected areas
52
what was the response to the Haiti earthquake
-overseas AID (UN/red cross) -230,000 people moved to less damaged cities -£20 mill from UK government -temporary shelters -USA sent 10,000 rescue troops
53
what was the recovery to the Haiti earthquake
-rebuild infrastructure ( hospitals, prisons) -invest in agriculture -pay citizens to clean the area
54
what was the mitigation of the Haiti earthquake
-new laws on building construction (higher standards) -training 127 ministry officials in disaster management -clear areas so next time AID can access it more easily
55
what was the preparedness of the Haiti earthquake
-created multi-hazard maps -emergency shelter management plans -emergency evacuation -early warning systems
56
what is the Park's model
parks disaster response curve is a framework used to understand how communities respond to and recover from hazard events
57
what are the 3 key elements of the parks model
relief - hours to days ( search and rescue care) rehabilitation - days to weeks ( temporary housing and services ) reconstruction - weeks to years (permanent rebuilding )
58
what are the 5 stages of the park's model
1. hazardous geophysical event 2. relief 3. rehabilitation 4. reconstruction 5. return to normal / improvement
59
parks model
60
what are some factors that may affect the speed of response
magnitude development frequency location corruption global connections preparation
61
what are the 4 ways to manage a tectonic hazard
modify the causes modify the event modify the loss modify the vulnerability and resilience
62
what does modify the event mean
what can be done to decrease the effects related to the magnitude of the event
63
what does modify the loss mean
reducing the cost and overall economic losses
64
what does modify the vulnerability and resilience mean
reducing vulnerability
65
what does modify the causes mean
stopping the event from happening
66
what are some ways to modify the event for the hazard : Earthquakes
-trains have automatic stop -all new buildings have to follow seismic code -all walls have to be a minimum thickness -buildings have safety inspection every 10 years E.g. Japan Skytree has a pendulum to keep it balanced
67
what are some ways to modify the vulnerability for the hazard : Earthquakes
-earthquake survival kit in homes -education day 1st September -phone alerts
68
what are some ways to modify the losses for the hazard : Earthquakes
-economic diversification -international aid -temporary shelters -earthquake insurance -emergency kit
69
what are some ways to modify the causes for the hazard : Earthquakes
-secure steep hillsides
70
what are some ways to modify the event for the hazard : volcanos
-divert lava flows away from populated areas -artificial cooling (Iceland, Hawaii) -land use zoning
71
what are some ways to modify the vulnerability for the hazard : volcanos
-monitorring systems to allow for evacuation -SMS alerts -community training -create hazard maps distribute masks to protect from ash
72
what are some ways to modify the losses for the hazard : volcanos
-global aid -business recovery grants -economic diversification -insurance coverage
73
what are some ways to modify the causes for the hazard : volcanos
-lahar channels -create buffer zones -drain water in craters to stop lahars -hazard maps
74
what are some ways to modify the event for the hazard : tsunamis
-sea walls (e.g. Kikuzentakata in Jappan cost $9.1 billion) -elevated structures -land use zoning
75
what are some ways to modify the vulnerability for the hazard : tsunamis
-residents relocated to higher ground -evacuation drills subduction zone monitoring
76
what are some ways to modify the losses for the hazard : tsunamis
-recovery funds -international aid -psychological support -rapid reconstruction -grants to businesses
77
what are some ways to modify the causes for the hazard : tsunamis
-secure steep slopes -good drainage systems -hazard maps

Geography - Physical (7 decks)

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