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Geography - Physical > Tectonics EQ2 > Flashcards

Tectonics EQ2 Flashcards

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1
Q

how does the Richter scale work

A

measures earthquakes. largely measures amplitude (height) and distance.

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2
Q

what are the pros and cons of the Richter scale

A

cons - not the most accurate at measuring higher magnitudes
pros - quite accurate at lower magnitudes and easy to compare

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3
Q

how does the Mercalli scale work

A

measure earthquakes, judge based on peoples reaction, furnishings, built environment and natural environment

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4
Q

what are the pros and cons of the Mercalli scale

A

cons - subjective, not universal, opinions not science, effects could not corespond with magnitude
pros- could be used to educate younger children, dont need scientific equipment

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5
Q

how does the moment magnitude scale work

A

measures earthquakes, calculate the seismic moment, amplitude, distance, displacement

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5
Q

what are the pros and cons of the moment magnitude scale

A

cons - quite complex equation
pros - more accurate and globally recognised

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6
Q

how does the VEI scale work

A

measures volcanic eruptions. measure height and volume of material ejected.

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7
Q

what are the pros and cons of the VEI scale

A

cons -
pros - accurate, globally recognised, simple to understand

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8
Q

what are hazard profiles

A

a technique/diagram used to try and understand the physical characteristics of hazards. based on a set of criteria such as frequency, duration, speed of onset

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9
Q

define vulnerability

A

the ability to anticipate, cope with, resist and recover from a natural hazard

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10
Q

define resilience

A

the ability of a community or society exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, and recover from the effects of a hazard

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11
Q

define inequalities

A

extreme differences between poverty and wealth as well as in peoples’ wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing and education

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12
Q

how does an inequality of access to education impact a countries vulnerability and resillience

A

lack of education means people will be uneducation on how to act if a hazard occurs (evacuate)
will result in more deaths, panic and more destruction.

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13
Q

how does an equality of access to healthcare impact a countries vulnerability and resillience

A

if poor healthcare, it is harder to control the spread of diseases (e.g cholera caused over 10000 deaths in haiti). Also it mean emergency treatment after a hazard will be have less capacity and effectiveness so more deaths

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14
Q

how does an inequality of access to housing impact a countries vulnerability and resilience

A

poorly built housing has a greater risk of collapse. informal housing has no town planning therefore can become overcrowded and massivly increases population density (Haiti domino effect)

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15
Q

how does an inequality of access to income opportunities impact a countries vulnerability and resillience

A

if on a lower income people may not be able to afford to evacuate. There whole livelyhood may rely on working in a hazardous area (grow coffee in columbia)
may also not be able to afford healthcare, education of quality housing

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16
Q

what the magnitude, death toll and amount homeless in the 2010 Haiti earthquake

A

7.0 magnitude
300000 dead
1.3 million homeless

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17
Q

what the magnitude, death toll and amount homeless in the 2011 Japan Tsunami

A

9.0 magnitude
20,000 dead
130,000 homeless

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17
Q

what is the % unemployed in japan vs haiti

A

14% in Haiti
2.4% in Japan

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18
Q

what % of buildings have earthquake resistant designs in Japan

A

75%

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19
Q

in Haiti how many murders was there in 2012

A

1033

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20
Q

in japan how many murders per 100,000 of the population

A

1

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21
Q

what is the annual budget in Haiti vs the annual budget on infrastructure spending in Japan

A

Haiti - 1 billion
Japan - 61 billion

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22
Q

what is the litteracy rate in Haiti vs Japan

A

Haiti - 61%
Japan - 98%

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23
What are the 3 types of governance
economic governance political governance administrative
24
what is the link with economic governance and poverty and quality of life
lack of investment corruption mismanagement of money debt
24
what is the direct link with political governance and disaster reduction and planning
should make policies for disasters e.g. evacuation drills, warnings, rescue teams
25
what is the link with administrative governance and vulnerability
determine strength of healthcare, town planning and building regulations
26
what are the 4 elements of development that relate to vulnerability and risk
economic component social dimension environmental strand political component
27
explain the economic component relating to vulnerability and risk
how fairly wealth is distributed. Development gap, income inequality
28
explain the social dimension relating to vulnerability and risk
health, education, housing, employment opportunities
29
explain the environmental strand relating to vulnerability and risk
sustainable resources usage
30
explain the political component relating to vulnerability and risk
human rights, freedom, democracy
31
how is drought, violence and armed conflict a cross cutting factor
they all have the ability to turn hazards into disasters
32
how is disease a cross cutting factor
it can interact with human vulnerability and turn a hazard into a disaster
33
describe the risk-poverty nexus model
it explored the interconnected relationship between poverty and vulnerability to risks such as natural disasters. highlights how poverty increases exposure to risks while risks in turn exacerbate poverty creating a vicious cycle
34
how can poverty increase vulnerability
poor communities often live in high risk areas and lack resources to mitigate risks. also have limited coping mechanisms making recovery more difficult. Disasters can push people even deeper into poverty
35
name 6 factors which affect vulnerability
governance, level of development, magnitude, age/demographic, type of plate boundary, multiple hazard zone
36
what does "disasters need to be viewed through a lens of complexity" mean
recognising the links between physical and human factors
37
what is the Swiss Cheese Model
Also known as the cumulative act effect model. widely used in risk management analysis. The layers of Swiss cheese represent safety systems and the holes are the weaknesses in the safety system. A disaster can occur when the holes are alights as it creates the conditions for loss of life, property and livelihood
38
Image of the Swiss Cheese Model
39
Where and when was the Bam earthquake
Iran in 2003
40
what was the magnitude of the Bam earthquake
6.6
41
how many people died in the Bam earthquake
26000
42
name some factors in the Bam earthquake the influenced the scale of the disaster
high (ish) magnitude and shallow ancient city so poor structual integrity of the buildings also poor structural integrity of the new buildings wooden buildings damaged by termites local emergency services damages (3 hospitals destroyed) january so cold people died from hypothermia
43
what factor was most significant in contributing to the vulnerability of Bam
poor structural integrity of buildings, killed lots of people and damaged emergency services. caused lots of homelessness and hypothermia
44
when was the Nepal earthquake
2015
45
what was the magnitude of the Nepal earthquake
7.8
46
how many people died in the Nepal earthquake
9000
47
name some factors in the Nepal earthquake that influenced the scale of the disaster
high magnitude, shallow low level of development high population density high rate of urbanisation poor building quality lack of earthquake science
48
what was the most significant factor in contributing to the vulnerability of Nepal
low level of development, so poor infrastructure and town planning. High rate of urbanisation and also a high population density
49
when was the New Zealand earthquake
2010 & 2011
50
what was the magnitude of the New Zealand earthquake
original earthquake in 2010 was 7.1 devastating aftershock in 2011 was 6.3
51
name some factors in New Zealand that influenced the scale of the disaster
mainly economic effects disruptiom to industrial production tourism industry decline by 40% rebuild cost 20 billion high development high magnitude
52
what was the most significant factor in contributing to vulnerability in New Zealand
high level of development so good infrastructure quality good emergency services, some damage to economy but recovered quickly as it was so strong and resilient
53
54
What are the 6 factors affecting vulnerability
Type of plate boundary Governance Age/demographic Magnitude Level of development Total disaster management (TDM)
55
How does type of plate boundary affect vulnerability (summary)
Divergent plate boundaries are usually lower levels of risk because they normally have a shallow focus, low magnitude and mostly sub-marine. They do not usually trigger tsunamis and the volcanoes found at these boundaries are usually less explosive and more effusive.
56
Examples of how type of plate boundary affects vulnerability
Mid-Atlantic ridge Iceland: Earthquakes with a magnitude more the 3 are very rare E15: VEI 4 no deaths and effusive eruption. But disruption to air travel
57
How does governance affect vulnerability (summary)
If a country has poor governance they may not invest in the right areas to reduce risk. Result in poor healthcare, education, services, infrastructure quality
58
Examples of how governance affects vulnerability
Haiti earthquake: Killed 300000 High population density Poor infrastructure (domino effect) Disease outbreak (camps) 172nd on corruption index
59
How does age/demographic affect vulnerability (summary)
If a country has an aging population then people have been out of education for longer and may not have proper training on what to do in a hazard event. They will also be less mobile and not have phones or technology so harder to evacuate
60
Examples of how age/demographic affects vulnerability
Japan: Aging population 20000 deaths 57% deaths were people over 65
61
How does magnitude affect vulnerability (summary)
In a high magnitude disaster it could overcome any defences that are in place. More buildings can get destroyed and affect emergency services greater. Affects relief efforts
62
Examples of how magnitude affects vulnerability
Japan: 75% buildings have defences Tsunami walls overcome by waves due to subsidence
63
How does level of development affect vulnerability (summary)
They may have an inequality of access to education, housing, healthcare, income opportunities. LIC have less money to invest in defences and prediction technology. May also be harder to recover due to poorer services and less money to pay for damages
64
Examples of how level of development affects vulnerability
Nyriagongo: Had no warning systems that volcano was going to erupt then afterwards people had no education that water could be contaminated and had limited access to clean water which causes deaths. Efforts to put warning systems have failed due to extremism rebellion groups

Geography - Physical (7 decks)

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