Coding, Capacity and Duration Flashcards by Elishka Rassapour

What is memory?

Process by which we retain info about events that have happened in the past

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What is sensory memory/register (SM)

Initial contact for stimuli
SM is only capable of retaining info for a very short time

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What is short term memory (STM)

Info we are currently aware of our thinking about
Info found in STM comes from paying attention to sensory memories

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What is long term memory (LTM)

Continual storage of info which is largely outside of our awareness, but can be called info working memory to be used when needed

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What is duration memory

How long in time (ik, you dont say) a memory lasts before it is no longer accessible
STM and LTM differ in duration

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Describe the duration of STM

Lasts for very short time (U DONT SAY)
UNLESS its rehearsed or paid attention to therefore STM is limited in duration

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Describe the duration of LTM

Can last anywhere between 2 minutes to 100 yrs
Has an unlimited time frame

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Read thru the Baddeley 1966 case study

DO IT NOW OR UR KNEECAPS WILL SUFFER A DEATHLY FATE

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What is a digit span

Ha this is my 1st proper flashcard typing in psych lesson what a milestone

It is a way of measuring the capacity of STM
Participants have to repeat back a string of digits in order of presentation

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What did Miller 1956 suggest about the span of memory and chunking

Things come in 7s
7 notes on musical scales
7 days of the week
Suggests that STM capacity is 7 items (plus or minus 2)

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What is chunking, according to Miller

He argued our capacity for remembering info can increase if we chunk items together
If we find links between things and group em together then we will remember more

like how we all associate pain w avani
chunking
whoop

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What is meant by capacity

How much memory you can hold

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What is duration

How long you can keep a memory for

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What is encoding

The way info is changed so it can be stored in memory
Info enters the brain via the senses but is then stored in different forms

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What are the different forms which info is stored

Visual
Acoustic
Semantic

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What are the two sub-divisions of memory

Explicit
Implicit

What are explicit memories

Declarative
You can put into words
Have to be consciously thought about to be recalled
Often formed through several combined memories
Include semantic and episodic memories

What are implicit memories

Non-declarative
More difficult to put into words
Can be recalled without conscious thought
Include procedural memories

What is episodic memory

Personal experiences
Time stamped
Conscious effort to recall
Strength of memory is influenced by emotion
e.g. favourite song, primary school, first crush, etc

ah what a dream

What are the 2 types of episodic memory for the brain

Right prefrontal cortex
Hioppocampus

What is the right prefrontal cortex of episodic memory

Prefrontal cortex in the forward part of the frontal lobe is associated with initial coding of episodic memory

What is the hippocampus of episodic memory

Memories of different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory areas of the brain
But are connected together in hippocampus to create a memory of an episode

yh idk either man

What is semantic memory

Concerns factual knowledge an individual has learned
Not time stamped
Linked to episodic as new knowledge is linked to experience
e.g. Spanish, capitals cities, school subjects

What are the 2 types of semantic memory for the brain

Hippocampus
Left prefrontal cortex

Describe hippocampus w semantic

Some disagreement over which brain areas are involved in semantic memory But hippocampus is thought to be involved

Describe left prefrontal cortex w semantic

Coding associated w frontal and temporal lobes

What is procedural memory

Concerned w learning motor skills Without conscious effort Difficult to explain in words Also involved in language e.g. learn to drive, rude a bike, sport, etc

What are 2 types of procedural memory w brain

Motor cortex and prefrontal cortex Cerebellum

Motor cortex and prefrontal cortex w procedural memory

These areas are associated w procedural LTM Aid in memories of how to walk, etc

Cerebellum w procedural memory

Cerebellum helps w timing and coordination of movements, making them smooth and precise Recent research also suggests a role in higher cognitive processes

Look at Peterson and Peterson 1959 case study

Do not be scared its just international shipping

What is rehearsal?

Transferring info to LTM by repeating or attending to it

Describe the Peterson and Peterson 1959 case ik they husband n wife so cute. id get sick of him

Studied duration of STM 24 uni students Would see a nonsense syllable called trigrams (3 random consonants) followed by a number When they disappear from screen need to count backwards from the number in 3s until told to stop Then asked to recall syllable

What were the results of the Peterson and Peterson 1959 experiment

After 3 seconds = participants could recall about 80% of trigrams correctly After 18 seconds = only 10% were recalled correctly

Give some +ve evaluations on Peterson and Peterson

Showed forgetting in STM can occur if info is not rehearsed Identified that duration of STM is approximately 18 secs Highly controlled , therefore limiting effect of extraneous variables

Gimme some of em spicy -ve evaluations on ol Peterson and Peterson

Used artificial stimuli therefore had no personal meaning to participants (lacked mundane realism) Means we may not be able to generalise these findings to different kinds of memory tasks Therefore lacks external validity Relatively small sample of students

now bitches go off n read that juice Bahrick et al. 1975 case study. NOW

KNEEECAPS BITCHES. KNEECAPSSS

Gimme some +ve evaluations of Bahrick et al 1975. i like that name

High external validity Real-life meaningful memories were studied so maybe not a lot of +ves but he's got a gr8 surname so +1 point for him <3

Gimme some -ve evaluations of Bahrick et al. 1975. PRETTY PLEASE

Confounding variables are not controlled in this experiment These pictures could have been rehearsed over the years naughty naughty bahrick. u silly goose