Cog And Bio Comparative Cognition

Question 1

What is the evolution of thought?

Answer 1

Animals learn from outcome

Question 2

What animal is very clever, has evolved nervous system and complex behaviour independently of the vertebrates (convergent evolution)?

Answer 2

Octopus

Question 3

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 3

When natural selection comes up with the same idea more than once

E.g wings in bats, intelligence in octopuses crows & apes

Question 4

What are analogous traits?

Answer 4

Similar traits that 2 animals share as a result of convergent evolution

Question 5

What are homologous traits?

Answer 5

Similar traits that 2 animals share as a result of being related (inherited from common ancestor)

Question 6

What is comparative psychology / comparative cognition?

Answer 6

The study of thought in other animals

Question 7

What do behaviourists believe about animals nowadays?

Answer 7

Stimulus - representation - response

Question 8

What does Lloyd Morgan believe about animal behaviour?

Answer 8

It should be interpreted in terms of lower processes

Question 9

Who is Pavlov?

Answer 9

Discoverer of classical conditioning

Question 10

What did skinner say?

Answer 10

The problem is whether people think - radical behaviourist

Question 11

What did Lorenz do?

Answer 11

Demonstrated imprinting mechanism in geese

Question 12

What did Harlow believe?

Answer 12

Attachment in innate, not a product of reinforcement

Question 13

What did terrace believe?

Answer 13

Humans only can learn a proper language, no matter how hard you try to teach an animal

Question 14

What does anthropomorphism mean?

Answer 14

Judging animals by human values

Question 15

What does anthropomorphism mean?

Answer 15

The attribution of human traits, emotions and intentions to animals

Question 16

What are the great apes - 5

Answer 16

Orangutans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, us

Question 17

How much % of body weight is the brain?

Answer 17

2%

Question 18

Up to ?% of calorific expenditure is the brain?

Answer 18

20%

Question 19

What is the social hypothesis?

Answer 19

Social complexity & Machiavellian intelligence has an impact on reproduction

Question 20

As brain size increases, what else increases?

Answer 20

Group size

Question 21

Human group size as predicted by Dunbar’s model comes out to about?

Answer 21

150

Question 22

What is dunbar’s number?

Answer 22

150

Question 23

Dunbar’s number is typical of what!

Answer 23

Typical size of a hunger-gatherer society

Question 24

Dunbar’s number is the estimated population of what?

Answer 24

Neolithic farming village, based on archaeological remains

Question 25

Dunbar’s number is the size of the basic what?

Answer 25

Basic military unit size from the Roman Empire

Question 26

Dunbar’s number is facebook’s … ?

Answer 26

Facebooks social clique size

Question 27

Understanding gaze is?

Answer 27

Anecdotal

Question 28

What is tactical deception?

Answer 28

Scientists taking the intentional stance

Question 29

What is the intentional stance? (Daniel Dennett)

Answer 29

Describing something in terms of mental activities in order to successfully predict its behaviour

Question 30

What does social learning underlie?

Answer 30

Culture

Question 31

Social learning is…?

Answer 31

Is the co-operative rather than competitive face of social cognition

Question 32

What is contagion?

Answer 32

When an action in an animal’s repertoire is automatically released by seeing a peer perform it

Question 33

What is stimulus enhancement?

Answer 33

Social processes make a stimulus salient but appropriate actions on it are learned by trial and error, so no imitation proper

Question 34

What is imitation?

Answer 34

Subject copies the form of a novel sequence of actions - most great apes show imitation according to the two action task

Question 35

What is goal emulation?

Answer 35

Subject infers model’s goals and customises its own actions, removing model’s idiosyncrasies and replacing with its own