Cog & Bio Olfaction

Question 1

In the last 5 years, what % had food related incidents (hazard detection)

Answer 1

32.2%

Question 2

In the last 5 years, what % had more than 1 gas incident?

Answer 2

14.8%

Question 3

In the last 5 years, what % had at least 1 gas scare?

Answer 3

34.5%

Question 4

In the last 5 years, what % had one or more work incidents?

Answer 4

18.5%

Question 5

What does smell promote in young infants?

Answer 5

Learnt the smell of their parents in the environment, encourages associative learning and positive emotional experiences which promotes bonding

Question 6

At what age to infants have a preference towards the smell of their mother?

Answer 6

2 days old

Question 7

What do infants orientate their head towards?

Answer 7

The olfaction stimulus from their mother

Question 8

What is found when people are exposed to their partners odour?

Answer 8

Sleep quality increases

Question 9

What is the Proust effect?

Answer 9

Smell has the ability to evoke memories

Question 10

What was found about emotionality and evocativeness?

Answer 10

Significantly higher for the odour evoked memories compared to verbal, visual & auditory evoked memories

Question 11

What was found with odours and wellbeing?

Answer 11

Inhaling lavender led to participants feeling more relaxed compared to non-odourous condition

Question 12

What has been found about lemon?

Answer 12

Has positive effects on cognition, increased performance in memory task

Question 13

What was found with smell and eating / drinking functions?

Answer 13

Sense of smell can regulate eating behaviour - smell of food increases appetite for that specific food group - smelling savoury foods increased appetite for savoury foods and decreases it for sweet foods

Question 14

What is olfactory epithelium?

Answer 14

Nasal cavities

Question 15

Where are peripheral olfactory areas?

Answer 15

Within the nose

Question 16

Where are central olfactory areas?

Answer 16

In the brain

Question 17

What happens when an individual sniffs?

Answer 17

Air & odour molecules being transported through the nasal passages to the olfactory receptors in the epithelium - axons of these receptors in the epithelium synapse with neurons from central olfactory nervous system

Question 18

How is odour perceived?

Answer 18

Made up of many different odour molecules, which attach onto different receptor neurons which allows for identification of the odour, based on this specific pattern

Question 19

Each odour receptor can receive information from…

Answer 19

An array of different odour molecules - even a slight change in the odour receptor pattern can have a dramatic impact on the overall odour that is perceived

Question 21

What happens in the central olfactory network?

Answer 21

Olfactory signals are transferred from the olfactory bulb to the primary olfactory cortices before being transferred to secondary olfactory regions

Question 22

What are secondary olfactory regions?

Answer 22

Regions that receive signals from the olfactory bulb - has connections with hippocampus which is the strongest with olfactory than other senses which could be why this provokes the most vivid memories

Question 23

What activates the trigeminal system?

Answer 23

Most odours - activates it through the trigeminal nerves in the nasal cavity

Question 24

What happens when the trigeminal system is activated?

Answer 24

This leads to somatosensory sensations such as pain or temperature - e.g some odours result in burning, itching

Question 25

What is the piriform cortex involved in?

Answer 25

Involved in processing both the initial chemical structure of the odour and its perceptual dimensions such as pleasantness or quality

Question 26

In the anterior piriform cortex, increased signal change was due to what?

Answer 26

Due to molecular changes

Question 27

In the posterior piriform cortex, increased signal change was more dependent on?

Answer 27

Odour quality

Question 28

What other function does the piriform cortex play a role in?

Answer 28

The semantic processing of four related information - lower levels of smell

Question 29

What was found in reading odour labels and the piriform cortex?

Answer 29

Reading odour labels can activate the piriform cortex - odour not presented but people could smell the scent of whatever was on the label

Question 30

What was found when imagining pleasant and unpleasant odours?

Answer 30

Caused activation patterns in the piriform cortex that mirror that of olfactory perception

Question 31

Subregions of the entorhinal cortex form what?

Answer 31

Part of the primary olfactory network

Question 32

The entorhinal cortex acts as what?

Answer 32

A gateway to the hippocampus

Question 33

In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, the entorhinal cortex is what?

Answer 33

One of the first regions to be impacted by the disease - it is theorised that this contributes to the reduction of both memory and olfactory functioning during the disease

Question 34

The medical amygdala, cortical amygdala and the periamygdaloid complex form what?

Answer 34

Part of the primary olfactory cortex

Question 35

What does the amygdala process?

Answer 35

Emotion - therefore its role in the olfactory network may explain the highly emotional quality of olfactory evoked memories

Question 37

What else is also suggested that the amygdala plays a role in?

Answer 37

Odour pleasantness & intensity processing, olfactory associated motor responses, cross-modal processing

Question 38

What does the hippocampus show the strongest connectivity to?

Answer 38

Primary olfactory regions

Question 39

What does the hippocampus maintain?

Answer 39

Both odour associated episodic memories as well as semantic knowledge of olfactory concepts

Question 40

What is olfaction?

Answer 40

Signals directly sent to regions

Question 41

When is there activation in the hippocampus?

Answer 41

When remembering old items

Question 42

What does the thalamus play a key role in?

Answer 42

Sending the olfactory signals to higher order regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex

Question 43

Why is olfaction unique?

Answer 43

The thalamus is a secondary processing region rather than a first

Question 44

Subregions of insula play a key role in?

Answer 44

Evaluating the valence of the olfactory stimuli - study found ability to detect odours in the environment was unaffected but pleasant odours were perceived as unpleasant

Question 45

What does the orbitofrontal cortex play a key role in?

Answer 45

Conscious and unconscious olfactory processing, valence processing and multisensory integration

Question 46

What is multisensory integration?

Answer 46

Integrating olfactory information with information from other sensory modalities

Question 47

What is cross-modal interaction?

Answer 47

When the sense of smell interacts with another sense - e.g vision

Question 48

What 4 things shape cross-modal association?

Answer 48

Repeated exposure to objects Physiological similarities Semantic similarities Emotion

Question 50

Electrophysical olfactory tests have the aim of what?

Answer 50

Measuring the electrical activity in the brain when individuals smell odours

Question 51

In individuals with no sense of smell often olfactory event related potentials are…

Answer 51

Not present whereas among those with a reduced sense of smell the results vary

Question 53

When can both structural and functional imaging be used?

Answer 53

When investigating individuals with smell loss

Question 54

MRI techniques are used to…

Answer 54

Measure the volume of olfactory structures, which give indications regarding the nature of olfactory loss

Question 55

What has research found about smaller olfactory bulb volume?

Answer 55

Participants with olfactory dysfunction had smaller olfactory bulb volume than those without olfactory dysfunction, with OB volume as baseline predicting olfactory test scores as follow up

Question 57

What do psychological methods measure?

Answer 57

Cognitive response - aim of testing what individuals can consciously perceive

Question 58

What is the debate surrounding psychological methods?

Answer 58

Whether they are subjective or not - not measuring brain activity directly

Question 59

Psychological olfactory tests are screening tests designed to…

Answer 59

Classify normal olfactory functioning from abnormal olfactory functioning

Question 60

What 3 things can affect results of psychological measures?

Answer 60

Culture, learning effects and semantic memory

Question 61

Psychological methods can measure olfactory threshold which relies on…?

Answer 61

Peripheral olfactory processing, discrimination, and identification

Question 62

What test measures threshold, discrimination and identification?

Answer 62

The sniffin sticks olfactory test battery

Question 63

Example of self-rated olfactory functioning questionnaire is?

Answer 63

English olfactory disorders questionnaire

Question 64

Hyposmia is often seen as?

Answer 64

The invisible disease

Question 65

What have smell loss patients report?

Answer 65

Both increased and decreased eating, anxiety about hazards and hygiene, frustration about lack of treatment options, difficulty within intimate relationships, trouble binding with children

Question 66

What did patients with smell loss report in terms of hazards and hygiene?

Answer 66

Feelings of anxiety about hazards and personal hygiene

Question 68

What does olfactory dysfunction impact?

Answer 68

Strength of odour perception, quality of perceived odours, and smelling odours which are not present

Question 69

What is anosmia?

Answer 69

Complete loss of smell

Question 70

Why is hyposmia?

Answer 70

Reduction in smell

Question 71

What is parosmia?

Answer 71

Change in smell

Question 72

What is phantosmia?

Answer 72

Smell things that aren’t actually there

Question 73

What is olfactory intolerance?

Answer 73

Feeling like you cannot deal / are intolerant to a smell but smell tests come back as normal

Question 74

Cognitive effect of olfactory dysfunction?

Answer 74

Impacts memory for both events and facts Poorer olfactory imagery quality