Cog & Bio Introduction Lecture

Question 1

What provided evidence for evolution?

Answer 1

Fossils of extinct species

Question 2

What is homology?

Answer 2

Similarity based on common ancestry - compare species with ancestors and found a similar structure

Question 3

What animal has the same main structures as the human brain?

Answer 3

Rat

Question 4

What is natural selection?

Answer 4

Something that is more specialised for their environments (better fit) will create more babies and therefore pass on their genes more easily - gene pool

Question 5

What is functional localisation?

Answer 5

The idea that specific areas of the brain are responsible for certain functions

Question 6

What is the Broca’s area anatomically referred to as?

Answer 6

The inferior frontal gyrus

Question 7

What is the front part of the brain also known as?

Answer 7

Anterior

Question 8

What is the back part of the brain also known as?

Answer 8

Posterior

Question 9

What is the top part of the brain known as?

Answer 9

Dorsal

Question 10

What is the bottom part of the brain also known as?

Answer 10

Ventral

Question 11

What is the higher part of the brain also known as?

Answer 11

Superior

Question 12

What is the lower part of the brain also known as?

Answer 12

Inferior

Question 13

What are the bumps in the brain also known as?

Answer 13

Gyri

Question 14

What are the folds in the brain known as?

Answer 14

Sulci

Question 15

What does more folds in the brain mean?

Answer 15

More surface area

Question 16

What is the brains biggest lobe?

Answer 16

Frontal lobe

Question 17

The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by what?

Answer 17

Central sulcus

Question 18

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by what?

Answer 18

Lateral sulcus

Question 19

What does the frontal lobe do?

Answer 19

Makes us human - higher level impacts on human cognition, decision making etc
Makes us grown up

Question 20

What would damages to the frontal lobe impact?

Answer 20

Personality

Question 21

What are the 3 main functions of frontal lobe?

Answer 21

1. Movement
2. Impulse control, judgement, language production, memory, problem solving, sexual behaviour, social behaviour
3. Involved in planning, coordinating, controlling and executing behaviour

Question 22

What is the smallest lobe?

Answer 22

Occipital lobe

Question 23

What does the occipital lobe deal with?

Answer 23

Visual processing

Question 24

The occipital lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by what?

Answer 24

Parietal-occipital sulcus

Question 25

What does calcarine sulcus equal?

Answer 25

Primary visual cortex

Question 26

What does the temporal lobe do?

Answer 26

Decides what something is

Question 27

The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by what?

Answer 27

Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)

Question 28

Superior temporal gyrus =?

Answer 28

Primary auditory cortex

Question 29

Inferior temporal gyrus =?

Answer 29

High-level visual processing, object recognition, face recognition

Question 30

What does the parietal lobe do?

Answer 30

Pieces together info

Question 31

The parietal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by what?

Answer 31

Central sulcus (fissure)

Question 32

What 4 things is the parietal lobe important for? If lesioned, what happens?

Answer 32

1. Somatosensory perception 2. Intersensory integration 3. Spatial vision 4. Spatial attention If lesioned, visual neglect

Question 33

What is cerebellum also known as?

Answer 33

Little brain

Question 34

What does the cerebellum control?

Answer 34

Balance, motor planning, motor learning, eye movement control

Question 35

What would injury to cerebellum result in?

Answer 35

Jittering with movements

Question 36

What does the cerebellum make predictions about?

Answer 36

What it thinks you will experience and compares it with what actually happened - if there’s a difference then corrections will be done

Question 37

What does the brain stem control?

Answer 37

Breathing, heartbeat, artery dilation, salivation

Question 38

Where is the brain stem and why is it located here?

Answer 38

In the middle of everything - keeps away from parts of brain that are more likely to be damaged

Question 39

Subcortical meaning and an example?

Answer 39

Within brain that you don’t see - ventricles

Question 40

Meninges and ventricular system - what are the 2 main functions?

Answer 40

1. Protect - acts as a shock absorber 2. Nourish - provides an exchange medium between blood and brain

Question 41

What are used to protect sub cortical structures?

Answer 41

Ventricles

Question 42

The limbic system includes structures important for?

Answer 42

Learning and memory

Question 43

What are the 3 structures included in the limbic system?

Answer 43

1. Amygdala 2. Hippocampus 3. Olfactory bulb

Question 44

What does the amygdala deal with?

Answer 44

Emotional regular and perception of odour

Question 45

What does the hippocampus deal with?

Answer 45

Some form of learning and memory

Question 46

What does the olfactory bulb deal with?

Answer 46

Sense of smell

Question 47

What do neurons do?

Answer 47

Send information

Question 48

When do neurons want to fire?

Answer 48

When it gets an input

Question 49

What are the 4 zones in a neuron?

Answer 49

1. Input zone 2. Integration zone 3. Conduction zone 4. Output zone

Question 50

What does the input zone do?

Answer 50

Receives information from other cells through dendrites

Question 51

What does the integration zone do?

Answer 51

Cell body region where inputs are combined and transformed

Question 52

What is the conduction zone?

Answer 52

Single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse

Question 53

What is the output zone?

Answer 53

Axon terminal at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells

Question 54

What do dendrites look to get?

Answer 54

Info from other parts of the cell

Question 55

Through what do neurons send info to other neurons?

Answer 55

Neurotransmission

Question 56

What do axons have?

Answer 56

Myelin sheaf

Question 57

What is myelin sheaf?

Answer 57

Protective coding

Question 58

Are there more glial cells or neurons in the brain?

Answer 58

Glial cells

Question 59

What do astrocytes detect?

Answer 59

Neural active and regulate adjacent capillaries - neurons need blood

Question 60

How many calculation does the brain do per second?

Answer 60

10^16

Question 61

How many neurons does the brain have?

Answer 61

90 billion

Question 62

How many miles of axons?

Answer 62

100 thousand miles

Question 63

Average weight of brain?

Answer 63

1.5KG

Question 64

Where can the brain fit?

Answer 64

In the palm of ur hands

Question 65

What % of brain is oxygen?

Answer 65

20%

Question 66

How many calories does brain use a day?

Answer 66

500

Question 67

How many synapses in brain?

Answer 67

More than 10 trillion synapses

Question 68

What is sexual selection?

Answer 68

Signal of strength - competition between males or females, flight for dominance when there is a competitive advantage needed for access to female

Question 69

What is horizontal plane?

Answer 69

Cut through middle of head - cut through eyes

Question 70

What is sagital plane?

Answer 70

Cutting brain in half - one eye on each side etc

Question 71

What is coronal plane?

Answer 71

Cutting brain in half the other way - front brain all in one half including face etc, and back of head is the other side

Question 72

What do Golgi stain show?

Answer 72

Shows complexities and varieties of neurons

Question 73

Glial cell - Schwann:

Answer 73

Myelin in the PNS

Question 74

Glial cell - oligodendrocyte:

Answer 74

Myelin in the CNS

Question 75

Astrocytes (star) - glial cells:

Answer 75

Nourish and support, scavenge at synapse Detect neural activity & regulate adjacent capillaries - neurons need blood

Question 76

Glial cells - microglia:

Answer 76

Multiply at injury site, seal area, garbage pickers of the nervous system