Cognition

Question 1

what is condition? what activities does it include?

Answer 1

high level functions carried out by the brain; identifying relevant features in complex stimuli, recognizing related objects, storing information of novel stimuli and relation to familiar objects, planning appropriate responses

Question 2

what are the special aspects of cognition?

Answer 2

visual perception, analysis used for speech

Question 3

what are the 3 main brain structures involved in cognition?

Answer 3

1. association cortexes of prefrontal, parietal and temporal lobes
2. basal nuclei
3. dopaminergic input to basal ganglia

Question 4

what is the function of the basal nuclei on cognition?

Answer 4

repress cognitive processes (acts as a brake)

Question 5

what is the function of dopaminergic input on cognition?

Answer 5

facilities de-repression, allowing cognition

Question 6

cognition comes from the latin word cognito which means

Answer 6

learning, knowledge, examination

Question 7

t/f association areas are involved in processing primary sensory information / motor output

Answer 7

false

Question 8

the basal nuclei surpasses cognition via neurons in the ___ that tonically inhibit neurons in the __ that extend to cortical areas and would typically cause cognition

Answer 8

globus pallidus; thalamus

Question 9

what are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 9

auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusion

Question 10

what are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Answer 10

apathy, lack of emotion, social anxiety and isolation

Question 11

what are the cognitive symptoms schizophrenia?

Answer 11

disorganized thoughts, difficulty completing tasks

Question 12

the positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to be caused by __

Answer 12

defect in repression of cognitive events by basal nuclei

Question 13

list three causes of schozophrenia

Answer 13

1. combination of genetic, developmental, and social factors
2. structural changes frontal cortex (smaller)
3. dopamine hypotheses

Question 14

what is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

Answer 14

caused by too much dopamine

Question 15

dopamine agonists can cause __

Answer 15

hallucinations and delusions

Question 16

list 2 treatments for schizophrenia

Answer 16

1. neuroleptics

2. atypical antipsychotics

Question 17

what are neuroleptics?

Answer 17

dopamine antagonists that lower the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 18

what are atypical antipsychotics?

Answer 18

dopamine and serotonin antagonists

Question 19

localized lessons of the association cortex lead to __

Answer 19

specific defects

Question 20

give an example of an event that may result in a localized lesson of the association cortex

Answer 20

stroke

Question 21

generalized lessons of the association cortex lead to ___

Answer 21

general defects in cognition such as memory, language, perceptual skills, social behaviour, and problem solving

Question 22

example of pathology that would cause generalized lesions of the association cortex

Answer 22

Alzheimers disease

Question 23

a lesion to the frontal lobe would result in what sort of deficiencies?

Answer 23

problem solving, planning and social behaviour

Question 24

damage to the temporal lobe may result in what kind of difficiencies?

Answer 24

agnosia = difficulty recognizing familiar objects

Question 25

damage to the parietal lobe may result in what types of deficiencies?

Answer 25

contralateral neglect syndrome (unaware of all the objects on contralateral side to lesion)

Question 26

the temporal association area receives input from the __ and ___ cortexes and is responsible for recognizing ___

Answer 26

primary auditory and visual; complex stimuli

Question 27

the parietal cortex contains the ___ and ____ cortexes

Answer 27

primary somatosensory and posterior parietal

Question 28

the association area of the parietal lobe receives input from the ___ and ___ cortexes

Answer 28

visual and somatosensory

Question 29

t/f there are many areas of the association cortex involved in specialized aspects of language analysis and generations

Answer 29

true

Question 30

the areas associated with a certain task can be determined using what imaging process?

Answer 30

functional magnetic resonance imaging

Question 31

lesions in the wernicke's/brocas areas can lead to __-

Answer 31

aphasia (deficits in language generation)

Question 32

lesions in the wernickes area will cause

Answer 32

lack of language comprehension

Question 33

lesions in the brocas area will casue

Answer 33

expressive aphasia (difficulty forming words and senstences, but can understand language

Question 34

what are the 2 categories of memory?

Answer 34

1. qualitative | 2. temporal

Question 35

what are the 2 subclasses of qualitative memory?

Answer 35

1. declarative (what can be expressed by language) | 2. procedural (unconscious , like riding a bike)

Question 36

what are the 2 subclasses of temporal memory?

Answer 36

1. short term (sec-min) | 2. long term (days-years)

Question 37

what brain parts are used in procedural memory?

Answer 37

cerebellum, premotor cortex, basal nuclei

Question 38

what brain areas are used in declarative memory?

Answer 38

hippocampus (short term) and association areas (long term)

Question 39

impairment of the hippocampus results in ___

Answer 39

amnesia

Question 40

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 40

can't make new memories

Question 41

memories are likely stored as long-lasting changes in the effectiveness of ___ , referred to as __

Answer 41

synapses; synaptic plasticity

Question 42

long-term potentiation at many glutamatergic synapses is dependent on ___ type glutamate receptors

Answer 42

NMDA

Question 43

synaptic transmission of memory typically only involves ___ type glutamate receptors

Answer 43

AMPA

Question 44

simultaneous activation of many glutamatergic synapses leads to strong ___ which removes the __ from NMDA receptors, resulting in the influx of __

Answer 44

depolarization; Mg, Ca

Question 45

calcium acts as a ___ for signalling pathways that lead to insertion of new ___ in the postsynaptic membrane

Answer 45

second messenger; AMPA

Question 46

additional insertion of AMPA receptors to the postsynaptic membrane leads to ____

Answer 46

long-lasting increase of synaptic efficacy and therefore increase in postsynaptic potential

Question 47

synaptic plasticity works best with neurons that release __ at synapse. which is __% of neurons in the brain

Answer 47

glutamate; 50

Question 48

AMPA receptors are permeable to __ and__

Answer 48

Na and K

Question 49

___ receptors are mostly responsible for the creation of EPSP

Answer 49

AMPA

Question 50

NMDA receptors are sensitive to both ___ and ___ and require strong __ to open

Answer 50

glutamate and voltage; depolarization

Question 51

formation of memories is linked to what phase of longterm potentiation?

Answer 51

initial

Question 52

storage of memories is linked to what phase of longterm potentiation?

Answer 52

maintenance phase

Question 53

how can membrane EPSP cause a depolarization great enough to open NMDA receptors?

Answer 53

several synapse on the same region and add together

Question 54

what is the purpose of the Mg on the NMDA receptors/

Answer 54

acts as a stopper to ions when there is not a song enough depolarization