Cognition, Consciousness, Attention, Communication

Question 1

define cognition

Answer 1

process by which we come to know the world

Question 2

what part of the brain separates us from other animals

Answer 2

larger frontal lobe

Question 3

inputs to association cortices (3ish)

Answer 3

primary/secondary sensory + motor cortices
thalamus
brainstem

Question 4

primary function of temporoparietal association cortex

Answer 4

cognitive intelligence

Question 5

3 frontal lobe association areas

Answer 5

dorsolateral prefrontal areas
medial dorsal prefrontal areas
ventral prefrontal cortex

Question 6

dorsolateral prefrontal area function

Answer 6

self-awareness
executive functions (goal setting, plans, etc)

Question 7

medial dorsal prefrontal area function

Answer 7

perceives others’ emotions/beliefs/intentions

Question 8

ventral prefrontal cortex

Answer 8

connects with areas of mood and affect

Question 9

t/f: if a legion occurs at a younger age, language and other functions on dominant side move to the nondominant side with PRESERVED function

Answer 9

TRUE! due to plasticity

Question 10

what hemisphere is most commonly dominant

Answer 10

Left

Question 11

L vs R brain functions

Answer 11

L: language, sequences, calculations, following directions

R: emotion/tone, visual/spatial analysis, estimations, columns, spatial awareness + orientation

Question 12

prosody

Answer 12

emotion, tone of voice

Question 13

prosody is associated with L or R hemisphere

Answer 13

Right!

Question 14

L or R:
complex performance in trained musicians

Answer 14

Right

Question 15

when do disconnection syndromes occur

Answer 15

when lesions in white matter occur (bc it disrupts connections between 2+ cortical areas)

Question 16

corpus callosotomy

Answer 16

split brain procedure for epilepsy

Question 17

a person being able to see but not being able to read is an example of what syndrome

Answer 17

disconnection syndrome

Question 18

what are the 3 As of consciousness

Answer 18

alterness
attention
awareness

Question 19

define “alertness” of consciousness

Answer 19

normal functioning of brainstem and diencephalic arousal circuits and cortex

Question 20

define “attention” of consciousness

Answer 20

same circuits as those for alertness + processing frontoparietal association cortex

Question 21

define “awareness” of consciousness

Answer 21

subjective + personal experiences
ability to combine higher order systems into efficient summary of mental activity

Question 22

where is the reticular formation embedded

Answer 22

tegmentum

Question 23

rostral vs caudal reticular formation function

Answer 23

rostral = maintains an alert conscious state
caudal = motor, reflex and autonomic function

Question 24

serotonin, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, + dopamine functions in consciousness

Answer 24

serotonin = generalized arousal level

norepinephrine = attention + autonomic functions

acetylcholine = selection of objection of attention, based on goals

dopamine = motivation, cognition + motor

Question 25

what neurotransmitter comes from the ventral tegmental area

Answer 25

dopamine

Question 26

what neurotransmitter comes from pedunculopontine nucleus

Answer 26

acetylcholine

Question 27

what neurotransmitter comes from raphe nucleus

Answer 27

serotonin

Question 28

what neurotransmitter comes from locus coeruleus + medial reticular zone

Answer 28

norepinephrine

Question 29

persistent vegetative stave vs minimally conscious state

Question 30

3 causes of comas

Answer 30

1. lesion in rostral reticular formation 2. massive damage to B cerebral cortex regions 3. damage to B thalamus

Question 31

what part of the hypothalamus projects to arousal system

Answer 31

posterolateral

Question 32

4 types of attention

Answer 32

sustained switching selective divided

Question 33

before a person can be attentive, they must be...

Answer 33

alert + awake

Question 34

what cerebral hemisphere is most responsible for attention

Answer 34

right!!

Question 35

define sustained attention

Answer 35

vigilance concentration non distractibility

Question 36

define switching attention

Answer 36

change from one task to another

Question 37

define selective attention

Answer 37

able to focus on something more than other things

Question 38

define divided attention

Answer 38

being able to perform 2 or more tasks at the same time

Question 39

3 structures that provide motivation for us to be attentive

Answer 39

ant cingulate gyrus amygdala limbic structures

Question 40

where does language comprehension occur

Answer 40

wernickes area

Question 41

where is wernickes area located

Answer 41

left temporoparietal cortex

Question 42

what gyrus is connected to wernickes area + comprehends spoken/written language

Answer 42

angular gyrus

Question 43

where does motor planning and production of language occur

Answer 43

broca's area

Question 44

what happens when someone has a legion on brocas area

Answer 44

they understand everything but it is difficult to speak/communicate unable to STRING WORDS TOGETHER GRAMMATICALLY

Question 45

what connects brocas + wernickes area? is it white or gray matter?

Answer 45

arcuate fasciculus white!

Question 46

function of non-dominant area equivalent to wernickes area (2)

Answer 46

comprehends emotion + tone aspects of language understands facial expression

Question 47

function of non-dominant area equivalent to brocas area

Answer 47

instructs how to use tone of voice + gestures in communication

Question 48

aphasia

Answer 48

disorder of spoken language

Question 49

wernickes aphasia vs brocas aphasia

Answer 49

W = paraphasic errors, neologisms, anomia B = knows what to say but can't get it out

Question 50

conduction aphasia legion location

Answer 50

arcuate fasiculus

Question 51

global aphasia

Answer 51

aphasia of wernickes and brocas

Question 52

agraphia vs alexia

Answer 52

inability to write vs inability to read