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Vestibular System Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

3 inputs for posture

A

somatosensory
vision
vestibular

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2
Q

what is the fastest sense + first line of defense against falls

A

somatosensory

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3
Q

optic nerve’s role in balance

A

visual proprioception
- allows us to orient ourselves in space

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4
Q

CN3 controls which eye muscles

A

medial, superior, and inferior rectus

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5
Q

CN4 controls which eye muscle

A

superior oblique

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6
Q

CN6 controls which eye muscle

A

lateral rectus

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7
Q

motor vision CNs

A

3,4,6

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8
Q

3 functions of motor vision

A

oculomotor eye control
gaze stability
vestibular ocular reflex (VOR)

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9
Q

VOR

A

stable vision while head is moving around

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10
Q

what type of information does the vestibular system provide the CNS

A

static vs dynamic positions of the head

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11
Q

3 factors that postural control depends on

A

individual info
environmental info
motor strategies for balance

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12
Q

how does VOR work

A

R head turn + L endolymph/hair movement
this excites the R horizontal canal + inhibits the L

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13
Q

when the head is turning to the RIGHT while the eyes stay in place, which eye muscles are responsible for keeping the gaze straight?

A

LEFT lateral rectus and RIGHT medial rectus

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14
Q

how are the crista, cupula and ampulia related

A

cupula is inside of crista + crista is located IN the ampulia

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15
Q

what is the tallest hair cell called

A

kinocilium

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16
Q

movement away from kinocilium causes ________ and movement toward it causes ______

A

deactivation
activation

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17
Q

3 planes of movement do the SCCs detect

A

YAW (no)
PITCH (yes)
ROLL

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18
Q

what do the semicircular canals sense

A

angular acceleration

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19
Q

what plane(s) of movement does the horizontal canal detect? how about posterior? anterior?

A

horizontal: YAW – “no”

ant/post: PITCH (yes) + ROLL

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20
Q

functional pairs of the SCCs

A

R post w/ L ant
L post w/ R ant
horizontal L/R

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21
Q

with a LEFT head turn:
1. where does endolymph go
2. where do hair cells go
3. which side is activated/deactivated

A
  1. right
  2. R goes toward kinocilium, L goes away from kinocilium
  3. left side activation, right side deactivation
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22
Q

utricle function

A

senses horizontal movement

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23
Q

saccule function

A

senses vertical movement

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24
Q

the utricle + saccule make up the….

25
the otoliths sense...
linear acceleration
26
what sits on top of gel to bend hairs in inner ear?
otoconia
27
what vestibular nuclei have the orgin of the medial vestibulospinal tract? how about the lateral vestibulospinal tract?
medial + inferior nuclei lateral nucleus
28
what is the relay center for ocular reflexes?
superior vestibular nucleus
29
what monitors and fine tunes the vestibular reflexes?
cerebellum
30
what structure assists in VOR stability
Semicircular canals
31
what reflex maintains head and body equilibrium to control coordination for balance
vestibulo-spinal reflex (VSR)
32
what happens during the cervical-ocular reflex (COR)
head and neck turn with the eyes to maintain gaze stability
33
what reflex is a substitution for VOR
Cervical-ocular reflex (COR)
34
otolith-ocular reflex (OOR)
inputs from otolithis --> output to eye muscles controls horizontal and vertical eye movement via linear VOR
35
what SCC is most commonly affected in BPPV? why?
posterior SSC bc the otoconia "fall back" into it
36
BPPV symptoms
10-60 seconds of vertigo with changes in head position against gravity
37
what is the biggest BPPV sign
nystagmus
38
how do you know if nystagmus is for Posterior SCC
has upbeat + rotary component
39
how does cupulolithiasis vs canalithiasis occur
cup = otoconia adhere to cupula, making it much more dense cana = free floating otoconia
40
cupulolithiasis symptoms
immediate onset + persistence of vertigo/nystagmus for as long as the head is held in the provoking position
41
canalithiasis symptoms
latent onset of vertigo and nystagmus but it disappears within 1 minute after otoconia have settled
42
neuritis vs labyrinthitis
N = no hearing loss bc only vestib nerve is inflammed L = hearing loss and tinnitus bc whole structure is inflammed
43
what causes 98% of neuritis and labyrinthitis cases?
viral infections
44
are symptoms of neuritis/labyrinthitis sudden or gradual?
sudden
45
what is the hallmark diagnosis of vestibular neuritis/labyrinthitis
direction fixed of nystagmas
46
what is peripheral vestibular hypofunction
basically a basket term for anything other than BPPV (damage to inner ear or vestib nerve that results in a weaker neuro signal)
47
how does neuroplasticity play a role in peripheral vestibular hypofunction unilaterally vs bilaterally
uni = can adapt bi = substitutions
48
basic symptoms of peripheral vestibular hypofunction
VOR and VSR affected, gaze instability, motion sickness, oscillopsia, dizziness
49
physiologic vs pathologic nystagmus
physiologic = induced by normal stimuli pathologic = abnormal + can appear with or without stimulation
50
4 types of pathologic nystagmus
spontaneous positional gaze evoked congenital
51
spontaneous nystagmus is due to
central or peripheral vestibular problems
52
2 types of positional nystagmus
torsional/rotary downbeat/upbeat
53
what does torsional/rotary nystagmus indicate
peripheral (BPPV) or brainstem dysfunction
54
what does downbeat/upbeat nystagmus indicate
central (cerebellar) dysfunction or could be peripheral (non-BPPV)
55
gaze evoked nystagmus
eyes drift toward center + a constant corrective saccade is used to reset gaze
56
nystagmus caused by peripheral vestib issues present like...
slow phase = VOR fast phase = corrective saccade when gaze goes toward fast phase, the nystagmus increases in intensity ex: slow drift right + fast reset to left (L nystagmus)
57
nystagmus caused by CNS issues present like....
smooth pursuit with saccades direction changing (usually following gaze)
58
how is nystagmus best examined
frenzel or infared video goggles
59
alexandar's law
when gaze goes toward fast phase, the nystagmus increases in intensity

neuro 2 (8 decks)

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