Diencephalon

Question 1

4 parts of the diencephalon

Answer 1

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus
subthalamic nuceli

Question 2

where is the subthalamic nuclei located

Answer 2

superior to substantia nigra in the midbrain
inferior to thalamus
lateral to hypothalamus

Question 3

function of subthalamic nuclei

Answer 3

controlling and fine-tuning movement

Question 4

___________ is a part of the diencephalon AND the basal ganglia

Answer 4

subthalamic nucleus

Question 5

what type of input does the subthalamic nucleus provide in the basal ganglia

Answer 5

excitatory

Question 6

biggest structure of the epithalamus

Answer 6

pineal gland/body

Question 7

what is the function of the pineal body

Answer 7

control circadian rhythm by secreting melatonin

Question 8

function of epithalamus

Answer 8

regulate circadian rhythm
emotional responses
endocrine activity

Question 9

is the thalamus gray or white matter

Answer 9

gray

Question 10

what connects the L + R thalamus

Answer 10

massa intermedia

Question 11

intramedullary lamina gray or white matter

Answer 11

white

Question 12

what divides the thalamus into anteiror, lateral, and medial groups

Answer 12

intramedullary lamina

Question 13

lateral wall of thalamus is formed by thin sheet of cells called….

Answer 13

thalamic reticular nucleus

Question 14

what cells make up the medial thalamic wall? where are they located

Answer 14

midline nucleus cells
the walls of the 3rd ventricle

Question 15

blood supply of thalamus

Answer 15

PCA

thalamoperforator
thalamogeniculate
posterior choroidal artery

Question 16

what is the only sensory system that does not pass through the thalamus

Answer 16

olfactory

Question 17

all thalamic nuclei project to the cerebral cortex EXCEPT

Answer 17

thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN)

Question 18

many thalamic reticular nuclei contain what type of neurotransmitter? what does this suggest about its function?

Answer 18

GABA
it functions as an inhibitor

Question 19

relay nuclei function

Answer 19

transmit motor + sensory info from BG, cerebellum, or sensory systems to cerebral cortex

Question 20

association nuclei function (3)

Answer 20

higher-order processing
process memory and emotional info
integrates sensory info

Question 21

non-specific nuclei function

Answer 21

helps regulate consciousness, arousal, attention

Question 22

what functional thalamic nuclei is responsible for processing memory and emotional information

Answer 22

association nuclei

Question 23

2 major somatosensory tracts

Answer 23

DCML
spinothalamic

Question 24

what part of the diencephalon is involved in consciousness

Answer 24

thalamus

Question 25

what parts of the diencephalon are important for sleep regulation and alertness

Answer 25

thalamus hypothalamus

Question 26

pusher syndrome

Answer 26

strong side pushes toward weak side + posterior push

Question 27

what part of the diencephalon causes pusher syndrome

Answer 27

posteriolateral thalamus

Question 28

where is the hypothalamus located

Answer 28

inferior and anterior to thalamus

Question 29

what structure separates the thalamus and hypothalamus

Answer 29

hypothalamic sulcus (shallow groove on 3rd ventricle wall)

Question 30

what structure forms the posterior aspect of the hypothalamus

Answer 30

mammillary bodies

Question 31

4 main hypothalamus functions

Answer 31

"HEAL" Homeostatic functions Endocrine control Autonomic control Limbic system

Question 32

hypothalamus role in limbic system

Answer 32

expression of emotions

Question 33

hypothalamus role in autonomic control

Answer 33

facilitation of SNS

Question 34

hypothalamus role in endocrine control (3)

Answer 34

growth metabolism reproductive organs

Question 35

hypothalamus role in homeostatic functions (6)

Answer 35

body temp metabolism BP fluid regulation digestion circadian rhythms

Question 36

where is pituitary gland contained

Answer 36

sella turcica/pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

Question 37

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the pituitary gland (pathway)

Answer 37

hypothalamus --> infundibulum --> pituitary stalk --> pituitary gland

Question 38

what type of tissue is the anterior pituitary made of? what about posterior?

Answer 38

epithelial tissue neural tissue

Question 39

which part of the pituitary (ant/post) is continuous with the brain

Answer 39

POSTERIOR PITUITARY

Question 40

which part of the pituitary (ant/post) secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Answer 40

anterior pituitary

Question 41

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

Answer 41

growth hormone thyroid stimulating hormone adenocorticotropic hormone lutenizing hormone follicle stimulating hormone prolatin

Question 42

LH, FSH, and prolactin general function

Answer 42

impacts ovaries/testes stimulates milk production

Question 42

adenocorticotropic hormone function

Answer 42

release glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex to - increase protein/fat breakdown - increase glucose production - decrease inflammation

Question 43

hormones released by posterior pituitary

Answer 43

antidiuretic hormone oxytocin

Question 44

antidiuretic hormone function

Answer 44

maintains pH increases water reabsorption in kidney reduces urine excretion

Question 45

oxytocin function

Answer 45

uterine contractions during labor milk expulsion

Question 46

in the hypothalamic limbic pathway, what structure does the hippocampus use to communicate with the hypothalamic mammillary bodies?

Answer 46

FORNIX

Question 47

_______________ make up 10-17% of all intracranial neoplasms

Answer 47

pituitary adenomas

Question 48

what pituitary cell type is susceptible to pituitary adenomas

Answer 48

anterior pituitary cells that secrete hormones

Question 49

large pituitary adenomas can put pressure on surrounding structures such as the optic chiasm, causing.....

Answer 49

bitemporal hemianopia