Cognitive Development

Question 1

Who was Jean Piaget?

Answer 1

1896-1980, genetic epistemologist and developmental psychologist who observed and wrote about his children

Question 2

What is an epistemologist?

Answer 2

someone who studies the nature of knowledge

Question 3

How many books did Piaget write?

Answer 3

40+, 18,000 pages

Question 4

What is the concept of discrete stages of development?

Answer 4

constant order of succession based on genetic potential and experience, no stages can be skipped because each stage lays groundwork for subsequent stages

Question 5

What is the child’s role in moving through discrete stages of development?

Answer 5

the child is actively engaged in acquiring knowledge and constantly exploring the environment

Question 6

What are the basic components of Piaget’s discrete stages?

Answer 6

schema/schemata, assimilation and accommodation

Question 7

What is schema/schemata?

Answer 7

organized patterns of knowledge based on interactions with the environment, start as reflexes to complex actions to mental representations

Question 8

What is assimilation?

Answer 8

interpreting external objects, places, people, events in terms of our present way of thinking

Question 9

What is accommodation?

Answer 9

changing cognitive structure (schema) and expanding what we know aka dog to poodle and car to SUV

Question 10

What is the cat schema example?

Answer 10

1) boy has learned schema of cat (schema) 2) boy saw a cub and called it “cat” sister said “no it’s a cub” (assimilation) 3) he accommodates new schema of cub (accommodation)

Question 11

What is an infants favorite scheme to explore the world?

Answer 11

banging

Question 12

What are the 4 cognitive stages from Piaget?

Answer 12

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operations, formal operations

Question 13

When does the sensorimotor cognitive stage occur?

Answer 13

birth to 2 years

Question 14

When does the preoperational cognitive stage occur?

Answer 14

2-7 years

Question 15

When does the concrete operations stage occur?

Answer 15

7-12 years

Question 16

When does the formal operations stage occur?

Answer 16

12+ years

Question 17

What are the 6 substages of sensorimotor cognitive stages?

Answer 17

reflex activity, primary circular reactions, secondary circular, coordination of secondary schemes, tertiary circular and beginning of representational thought

Question 18

What is the reflex activity substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 18

innate reflexes to fulfill a need, rooting, sucking, grasping

Question 19

When is the reflex activity substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 19

birth to 1 month

Question 20

When is the primary circular reaction substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 20

1-4 months

Question 21

What is the primary circular reaction substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 21

repear actions that they enjoy ex: sucking, stop and look at an object when grasping (early hand eye coordination), object permanence= out of sight out of mind, look where it was last

Question 22

What is the secondary circular reaction substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 22

attention on objects, often unexpected result, repeat actions like shake, drop, bang, object permanence=rattle drops-partly covered or rattle drops fully covered

Question 23

When is the secondary circular reaction substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 23

4-8 months

Question 24

When is the coordination of secondary schemes substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 24

8-12 months

Question 25

What is the coordination of secondary schemes substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 25

infant tries to solve a problem to achieve a goal/want, anticipate events, object permanence= still incomplete, hide toy under A baby looks under A, baby watches you hide toy under B but still looks under A

Question 26

When is the tertiary circular substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 26

12-18 months

Question 27

What is the tertiary circular substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 27

active experimentation, repeats actions but differently, object permanence=will search under different cloths but only if they watched the object being hidden

Question 28

When is the beginning of representational thought substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 28

18-24 months

Question 29

What is the beginning of representation thought substage of sensorimotor?

Answer 29

mental image of objects or events, not just now but past and future, symbolic functioning

Question 30

What is symbolic functioning?

Answer 30

use symbols to represent what is not present aka signs vs symbols

Question 31

When is the preoperative stage?

Answer 31

2-7 years

Question 32

What 3 behaviors emerge in the preoperation stage?

Answer 32

deferred imitation, symbolic play, and sophisticated language skills

Question 33

What is deferred imitation?

Answer 33

tea party, teaching school, something they have observed before

Question 34

What is symbolic play?

Answer 34

use objects as something else ex: arms out running=airplane

Question 35

What is the egocentric component of the preoperation stage?

Answer 35

world revolves around the child, think that others share their views feelings and desires, unable to see other perspective, mountain test

Question 36

What is the conservation component of the preoperation stage?

Answer 36

amount remains the same even though the shape may change ex: cutting a sandwich

Question 37

What is the tendency to focus on a single aspect part of preoperation stage?

Answer 37

may be task dependent, 10 wooden beads 7 blue 3 white child says there are more blue than wooden

Question 38

What is the irreversibility of thought part of preoperation stage?

Answer 38

addition good, subtraction hard// do you have a sister? yes. does your sister have a sister? no.

Question 39

What is the acquires concepts part of preoperation stage?

Answer 39

knows a dog, shapes are easy while numbers are harder

Question 40

When is the concrete operations stage?

Answer 40

7-12 years

Question 41

What skills are added with the concrete operations stage?

Answer 41

increased capacity for memory and understands reversibility/ thinks logically

Question 42

What parts of conservation are understood in the concrete operations stage?

Answer 42

recognize change in multiple features, reciprocity- if you change one feature it can be balanced by another (water in glass), concept of horizontal decalage/increasing (#, length, liquid, mass, area, weight, volume), may be culture dependent, may be presentation dependent

Question 43

What is the seriation aspect of concrete operations?

Answer 43

ability to arrange objects in an orderly series ex: simple to complex or short to long

Question 44

What is the transitive reasoning aspect of concrete operations?

Answer 44

A>B and B>C the A>C

Question 45

When does the formal operations stage occur?

Answer 45

12+

Question 46

What does a child gain the ability to do in the formal operations stage?

Answer 46

able to think in the abstract and solve problems systematically, consider all variables of the problem, able to consider different points of view and different variables