Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

NSB Lectures > Cognitive impairment and confused states > Flashcards

Cognitive impairment and confused states Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is confusion?

A

Not being able to think clearly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is cognition?

A

The mental processes involved in making sense of and learning about the world around us.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of cognition declines with age?

A

Fluid cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is fluid cognition?

A

The ability to process new information to quickly solve problems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

At what age does fluid cognitive abilities start to decline?

A

20.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is crystallised cognition?

A

Using cumulative skills and memories from cognition processing that has occurred in the past.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What problems may cause young adults to experience cognitive impairment?

A

Acute illness
Post-surgery
Sleep deprivation
Extreme exercise
Alcohol
Drugs
Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is some key features of delirium?

A

Acute onset
Impairment of attention and awareness
Fluctuating
Often worse in the evening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is delirium usually caused by?

A

Systemic illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What type of delirium usually presents with agitation, pacing and aggression?

A

Hyperactive delirium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What type of delirium usually presents with reduced movement, sleepiness and reduced appetite?

A

Hypoactive delirium.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What percentage of hospital inpatients suffer from delirium?

A

20%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Up to how many elderly inpatients are likely to suffer from delirium?

A

Up to half.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Years following a period of delirium, the risk of what condition increases?

A

Dementia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What types of patients are as risk of delirium?

A

Older adults + young children
Multiple co-morbidities/frailty
Polypharmacy
Pre-existing cognitive impairment
Sensory impairment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How can delirium be prevented?

A

Prevent dehydration + constipation
Treat infections early
Maximise sleep
Encourage mobility
Manage pain
Ensure good nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What term is used for a group of progressive, neurodegenerative brain disorders?

A

Dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which cognitive condition is one of the main causes of disability later in life?

A

Dementia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main differences between delirium and dementia?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the main types of dementia?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Which three proteins unfolding are linked to dementia?

A

Amyloid
Tau
Synuclein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which proteins are linked to Alzheimers?

A

Amyloid
Tau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which protein is linked to Parkinsons/dementia with Lewy bodies?

A

Synuclein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which protein is linked to frontotemporal dementia?

A

Tau

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
In particular cases, especially with young onset dementia, what procedure may be done to help with the diagnosis?
Lumbar puncture to test for presence of proteins.
26
What form of dementia is the most common?
Alzheimers.
27
In Alzheimer's disease, there are usually amyloid ___ and neurofibrillary ___.
Plaques Tangles
28
Are amyloid plaques extra or intracellular?
Extracellular
29
Are neurofibrillary tangles extra or intracellular?
Intracellular
30
What is vascular dementia caused by?
Cerebrovascular disease
31
What are the three subtypes of vascular dementia?
Multi-infarct dementia (cortical vascular dementia) Small vessel dementia (Subcortical vascular dementia) Strategic infarct dementia
32
What pathological changes are seen in multi-infarct dementia (cortical vascular dementia)?
Multiple cortical infarcts.
33
What pathological changes are seen in small vessel dementia (Subcortical vascular dementia)?
Lacunes + extensive white matter lesions.
34
What pathological changes are seen in strategic infarct dementia?
Infarct in a strategic location (e.g. thalamus)
35
Dementia occurs in 15-30% of people in three months following what type of event?
A stroke
36
Dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease dementia are caused by what?
Lewy bodies in areas of the brain.
37
In Parkinson's disease, where are lewy bodies located?
In the sub cortex.
38
What is a Lewy body?
Intracellular inclusions which consist of the protein a-synuclein.
39
Where are Lewy bodies located in Dementia with Lewy bodies?
Cortex
40
Usually, a-secretase cleaves Amyloid Precursor Protein into non-amyloid products. What happens in Alzheimer's disease instead?
APP is cleaved by b and y secretase into b-amyloid.
41
What are some common clinical features of Alzheimers?
Amnesia (STM first, LTM later) Loss of motor skills Poor recognition of objects + faces Speech disturbances Behavioural + psychological disturbances
42
Mutations in amyloid precursor protein and what two genes have been linked to young onset Alzheimer's disease?
PSEN-1 PSEN-2
43
Which gene has been linked to late onset Alzheimer's disease?
APOE e4.
44
What pathological features are common in Alzheimer's disease on imaging?
Global cortical atrophy + hippocampus atrophy.
45
In which type of dementia are visual hallucinations common?
Dementia with Lewy bodies.
46
In which type of dementia are MRI/CT scans often normal?
Dementia with Lewy bodies
47
What sleep disorder is caused by dementia with Lewy bodies?
REM sleep behaviour disorder - a lot of physical movement during REM sleep.
48
What is frontotemporal dementia?
Selective progressive atrophy involving the frontal or temporal lobes or both.
49
Which three proteins are responsible for the different types of frontotemporal dementia?
Phosophorylated Tau TDP-43 Fused in sarcome protein (FUS)
50
What is Pick's disease?
A type of FTD caused by Tau
51
In FTD, at what age do symptoms typically present?
50-60
52
What are common clinical features of FTD?
Behavioural problems Language difficulties
53
Cognitive ____ therapy has been proven to improve cognition in dementia.
Stimulation
54
Which inhibitors blocking the breakdown of ACh can help symptoms in mild-mod Alzheimer's disease?
Cholinesterase inhibitors
55
Memantine is used in mod-severe Alzheimer's disease and blocks receptors to reduce what type of activity in the brain?
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity.
56
Donepezil and Memantine are both used in what type of dementia?
Alzheimer's disease.
57
Which drug is not licensed but is widely used for Dementia with Lewy bodies?
Rivastigmine.
58
What type of drugs can reduce impulsivity in frontotemporal dementia?
Antidepressants.
59
Young onset dementia is typically defined as before what age?
<65
60
A higher level of cognitive function reduces the risk of dementia, as the brain is more able to compensate for pathological changes. What is this concept called?
Cognitive reserve.
61
Does sudden onset cognitive impairment occur in delirium or dementia?
Delirium.
62
Is impaired attention more common in delirium or dementia?
Delirium.
63
Are fluctuations in cognition and awareness more common in delirium or dementia?
Delirium.
64
In what type of dementia is a gradual decline in cognition, function and memory of recent events affected?
Alzheimer's disease.
65
A gradual change in impulsivity and social disinhibition is common in which type of dementia?
Frontotemporal.
66
Are visual hallucinations more common in delirium or dementia?
Delirium.

NSB Lectures (48 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions