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NSB Lectures > Describing the Brain > Flashcards

Describing the Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process called by which the neural plate folds to form the neural tube?

A

Neurulation

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2
Q

Name the following parts of the neural plate:

A
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3
Q

What causes the neural plate to fold to develop the neural tube?

A

Neuroectoderm receives a signal from the notochord - this causes the cells to thicken and the lateral margins to fold inwards to form a neural tube.

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4
Q

What is primary neurulation?

A

When the lateral edges of the neural plate fold upwards & inwards, joining and fusing.

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5
Q

What is secondary neurulation?

A

Neural tube forming with the cavity in the centre

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6
Q

Why does the neural plate become a tube?

A

Because the cells in the middle increase, the plate becomes thicker and heavier here, causing it to move down whilst the plate margins move upwards.

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7
Q

When does neurulation occur?

A

In weeks 3-4

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8
Q

What does the neural tube become in the body?

A

The brain and spinal cord, the meninges and cranial bones.

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9
Q

How common are neural tube defects?

A

1 in 1000

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10
Q

What is Anencephaly?

A

Failure of the anterior neuropore to close.

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11
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

Failure of the posterior neural tube to close (creates open vertebral canal)

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12
Q

What are the two types of spinal bifida and what is the difference between them?

A

Spina bifida occulta (hidden, vertebral arch defect only)

Spina bifida cystica (meninges project out of the body)

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13
Q

How many primary brain vesicles are there?

A

3

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14
Q

How many secondary brain vesicles arise from the 3 primary brain vesicles?

A

5

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15
Q

What are the primary brain vesicles called?

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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16
Q

Which primary brain vesicle becomes the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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17
Q

Which primary brain vesicle becomes the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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18
Q

Which primary brain vesicle becomes the hindbrain?

A

Rhombencephalon

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19
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles arise from the prosencephalon?

A

Telencephalon
Diencephalon

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20
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles arise from the mesencephalon?

A

Mesencephalon

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21
Q

Which secondary brain vesicles arise from the rhombencephalon?

A

Metencephalon
Myelencephalon

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22
Q

What does the telencephalon become?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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23
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

Thalamus

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24
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

A

Midbrain

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25
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A

Pons/cerebellum

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26
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A

Spinal cord

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27
Q

Label the 5 secondary primary vesicles on this picture.

A
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28
Q

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are divisions of the brain based upon what?

A

Their embryological origin.

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29
Q

What does the forebrain contain?

A

Cerebral hemispheres (Telencephalon)
Thalamus (Diencephalon)
Hypothalamus (Diencephalon)

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30
Q

What does the hindbrain contain?

A

Cerebellum (Metencephalon)
Pons (Metencephalon)
Medulla Oblongata (Myelencephalon)

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31
Q

What is the medulla oblongata?

A

The lower part of the brainstem.

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32
Q

Which is the largest component of the brain?

A

Telencephalon / Cerebral hemispheres

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33
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres separated by?

A

Longitudinal fissure

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34
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

Grey matter outside layer of the cerebral hemispheres - 2.4mm thick

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35
Q

What is the primary function of the cerebral cortex?

A

Processing motor and sensory information - higher function, perceiving world around us.

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36
Q

How are the two cerebral hemispheres connected?

A

Via the corpus callosum - white matter layer.

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37
Q

What are depressions of the cerebral cortex called

A

Sulcus (pl. sulci)

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38
Q

What are elevations of the cerebral cortex called?

A

Gyrus (pl. gyri)

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39
Q

Why does the cerebral cortex have elevations and depressions?

A

To increase the SA - allows more neurons to fit into the same space.

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40
Q

What are the layers of the cerebral cortex called and how many of them are there?

A

6

Laminae

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41
Q

In which part of the brain are the limbic system and basal ganglia found?

A

Telencephalon

42
Q

Name these lobes of the brain…

A
43
Q

What is the theory of functional specificity?

A

Postulates that specific areas of the brain undertake a specific task.

44
Q

What is the central depression in the brain called?

A

Central sulcus

45
Q

What does the central sulcus represent in terms of function?

A

Is a broad demarcation in terms of function - Caudal to central sulcus = about receiving incoming information. Rostral to central sulcus = conscious response to the information.

46
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor cortex, executive functions & ability to think

47
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex (pain, touch, proprioception).

48
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Primary auditory & olfactory cortexes + learning & memory

49
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Primary visual cortex

50
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for 80% of association & cognition?

A

Cerebral cortex

51
Q

What is association in terms of the brain?

A

It is the perception of the world through senses.

52
Q

What is grey matter made of?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

53
Q

Where is the grey matter located in brain?

A

In the cerebral cortex & brain nuclei (deep brain structures).

54
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

Myelinated axons

55
Q

What is grey matter divided into in the cerebral cortex?

A

Into layers (laminae)

56
Q

What are brain tracts?

A

Neural pathways

57
Q

Does information in brain tracts run unilaterally or bilaterally?

A

Bilaterally

58
Q

Name the three types of brain tracts and describe each.

A

Commissural - across hemispheres (R-L)

Projection - vertically - from cerebral cortex to caudal structures

Association - horizontally within same hemisphere

59
Q

What is the largest commissural tract in the brain?

A

The corpus callosum

60
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter tract that links the two cerebral hemispheres

61
Q

What are the four parts of the corpus callosum?

A

Rostrum, genu, body & splenium

62
Q

What does the corpus callosum enable?

A

Rapid communication between the two hemispheres.

63
Q

Which is the largest white matter body in the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

64
Q

What does the limbic system regulate?

A

Emotion & memory

65
Q

What does the basal ganglia control?

A

Posture & voluntary movement (+ eye movement, emotional control & cognition).

66
Q

Which parts of the brain are the limbic system found in?

A

The telencephalon & diencephalon (forebrain)

67
Q

Which parts of the limbic system are found in the diencephalon?

A

Mamillary bodies, hypothalamus & thalamus

68
Q

Which parts of the limbic system are found in the telencephalon?

A

Cingular cortex, fornix, amygdala & hippocampus

69
Q
A
70
Q

What are the main components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, sub thalamus & epithalamus + maxillary bodies

71
Q

What are mamillary bodies thought to be involved in?

A

Memory formation

72
Q

How many thalamus’ are there?

A

2

73
Q

What is the thalamus made from?

A

Grey matter

74
Q

What is the thalamus used as?

A

A major relay centre - communicates with a lot of the cerebral cortex & other parts of the cerebrum.

75
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Receives much of the sensory input and relays this sensory information to the cortex

AND

Is involved with voluntary movement, personality & consciousness.

76
Q

What connects the thalamus to other diencephalic structures?

A

Interthalamic adhesions

77
Q

Why is the central location of the thalamus important?

A

It means it is best situated to relay information to and from all parts of the brain.

78
Q

What is located inferiorly to the thalamus?

A

Hypothalamus

79
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Homeostatic control - coordinates ANS & endocrine responses.

Thermoregulation, feeding, drinking & circadian rhythm

Receives input from the limbic system

80
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Is an interface between the brain and the endocrine system.

81
Q

What is the stalk of the pituitary gland called?

A

Infundibulum

82
Q
A
83
Q

What is the term for the crossing of the optic nerves to form optic tracts?

A

Decussation

84
Q
A
85
Q

What is the function of the brainstem?

A

Connects cortex to spinal cord

Respiration & CVS centres

Vomiting centre

Motor control & sleep

Contains white matter tracts

86
Q

What do the cerebral peduncles do?

A

Connect brainstem to the thalami

87
Q

What is found within the brainstem?

A

White matter tracts - connect pons to diencephalon

88
Q

What does the superior colliculus control?

A

Eye movements

89
Q

What does the inferior colliculus contain?

A

Relay nuclei (involved in auditory)

90
Q

What does the substantia nigra contain?

A

Dopaminergic neurons & neuromelanin (gives it darker appearance)

91
Q

What does the red nucleus do?

A

Is responsible for motor coordination

Also a major relay centre between cortex and cerebellum

92
Q

What does the pons do?

A

Contains transverse fibres - links the brainstem to the cerebellum.

Also - generates rhythmic breathing pattern.

93
Q

What does the pyramid of the medulla oblongata do?

A

Contains the corticospinal tract = voluntary motor pathway

94
Q

Which is the lowest part of the brainstem?

A

Medulla oblongata

95
Q

What does the medulla oblongata contain?

A

Nuclei responsible for controlling respiration & CVS.

96
Q

How many hemispheres does the cerebellum have?

A

Two

97
Q

What is the outside of the cerebellum made of?

A

Grey matter

98
Q

What is the white matter inside the cerebellum called?

A

Arbour vitae

99
Q

How many lobes dos the cerebellum contain?
What are they?

A

3 lobes
- Anterior lobe
- Flocculonodular lobe
- Posterior lobe

100
Q
A
101
Q

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

A

Limb movement
Eye movements
Motor control
Posture
Growing evidence for - cognition, fear & pleasure

102
Q

How is the cerebellum connected to the brainstem?

A

By cerebellar peduncles

NSB Lectures (48 decks)

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