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NSB Lectures > Neural tissues > Flashcards

Neural tissues Flashcards

1
Q

In the brain, what is dorsal, ventral, rostral and caudal?

A

Dorsal = up
Ventral = down
Rostral = front
Caudal = back

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2
Q

Which outdated theory suggested the nervous system was a single continuous network?

A

Reticular theory

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3
Q

Which concept suggests the nervous system is made of discrete individual cells which are mutually dependent upon one another?

A

Neuronal doctrine

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4
Q

What is the general name of the 52 areas of the cortex with each area having a particular set of inputs and outputs?

A

Brodmann areas

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5
Q

What is Brodmann area 17?

A

Primary visual cortex

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6
Q

What is Brodmann area 4?

A

Primary motor cortex

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7
Q

What are Brodmann areas of the cortex determined by?

A

Histological architecture.

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8
Q
A
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9
Q

What are axon collaterals?

A

Rare axonal protrusions that provide modulation of cell firing.

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10
Q

Neurons receive and integrate incoming information from what?

A

Sensory receptors or other neurons.

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11
Q

How do neurons transmit information to other neurons or effector organs?

A

Chemically

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12
Q

Where on a neuron does integration and protein synthesis occur?

A

Soma/cell body

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13
Q

Where on a neuron does conduction and transport occur?

A

Axon

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14
Q

Where on a neuron does transmission occur?

A

Axon terminals/Synaptic terminals/Terminal boutons

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15
Q

Each neuron is a _____ entity with a ____ cell membrane.

A

Separate
Limiting

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16
Q

What type of morphology is this neuron?

A

Unipolar

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17
Q

What type of morphology is this neuron?

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

What type of morphology is this neuron?

A

Pseudo-unipolar.
There is one extension from cell body.

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19
Q

What type of morphology are these neurons?

A

Multipolar

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20
Q

What are the small protrusions on dendrites that form functional contacts with neighbouring axons?

A

Dendritic spines.

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21
Q

Dendrites are branched protoplasmic extensions. What is their primary role?

A

To propagate the electrochemical input from other cells to soma.

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22
Q

Up to what % of a neuron can consist of dendrites?

A

95%

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23
Q

On a neuron, where is the nucleus, much of the cytoplasm, most of the metabolic activity and protein synthesis contained?

A

Soma

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24
Q

Where are neurotransmitters produced and stored?

A

Produced in soma.
Stored in synaptic vesicles.

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25
Q

The bigger the cell body, the ____ the neuron projects.

A

further

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26
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Specialised part of the cell body, at the interface between soma and axon.
Known as the ‘trigger zone’ due to the density of voltage gated Na+ channels (AP threshold can be reached triggering AP)

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27
Q

What are the benefits of myelinated axons?

A

Enables saltatory conduction
AP passes from node to node
Very rapid (Up to 120m/s)

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28
Q

What are the three basic types of neurons?

A

Sensory
Motor
Interneurons

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29
Q

Are sensory and motor neurons afferent or efferent?

A

Sensory - afferent
Motor - efferent

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30
Q

Where do interneurons carry messages from and to?

A

Carry messages from one set of neurons to another.
Can bring info from different sources together into one location in CNS.

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31
Q

What non-neuronal cells of the CNS are responsible for supporting neurons and providing a suitable environment in which the neurons can function?

A

Neuroglia (astrocytes, oligodendrocyte, microglia)

32
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

Production and maintenance of myelin sheath

33
Q

Can oligodendrocytes myelinate more than one axon at a time?

A

Yes - each cell myelinates multiple axons (up to 50)

34
Q

What does myelin consist of?

A

Myelin Basic Protein
Proteolipid Protein
Myelin Associated Glycoprotein

35
Q

What protein found in the PNS and CNS facilitates interactions between axon and myelin?

A

Myelin Associated Glycoprotein

36
Q

Myelination by oligodendrocytes cause an increase and decrease in what?

A

Increase in nerve conduction velocity
Decrease in size of nerves

37
Q

Axonal development is dependent on _____ and oligodendrocyte development is dependent on ____.

A

Oligodendrocytes
Axons

38
Q

What cell in the CNS is activated by pathogens and is distributed in regular mosaic patterns?

A

Microglia

39
Q

What is the main role of microglial cells?

A

Phagocytic and immune.
Promote repair.

40
Q

Microglia appear in great numbers shortly before birth as what?

A

amoeboid (active) microglia

41
Q

When do amoeboid microglia mature?

A

At birth when BBB forms, amoeboid matures and assumes it’s ‘resting’ state as microglia.

42
Q

What are the core functions of embryonic macrophages/microglia?

A

Apoptotic clearance
Selective killers as well as ‘dustmen’

43
Q

What are the main roles of astrocytes in the CNS?

A

Provides structural support
Supply nutrients (glucose)
Maintain ionic environment (remove K+)
Neurotransmitter uptake
Repair of nervous system
Form protective barrier around vessels (BBB)

44
Q

Astrocytes regulate synaptogenesis. What is this?

A

The development of synapses between neurons.

45
Q

Astrocytes form a continuous syncytium. What do they do to other neural cells in relation to the syncytium?

A

Integrate them in.

46
Q

Astrocytes form and regulate the BBB. What does this involve?

A

Formation of the glial-vascular interface
Regulation of cerebral microcirculation

47
Q

What metabolic functions do astrocytes have?

A

Provide energy substrates for neurons
Collect neuronal waste

48
Q

Which extracellular ions do astrocytes regulate?

A

K+ - following fluctuations associated with neuronal activity.

49
Q

What signalling functions do astrocytes have?

A

Modulation of synaptic transmission
Metabolism and synthesis of NT
Release of NT

50
Q

What are the two broad classifications of astrocytes?

A

Fibrous astrocytes in WM
Protoplasmic astrocytes in GM

51
Q

What is the glutamate-glutamine shuttle?

A

80% of glutamate released at synapse taken up by astrocytes -> astrocytes convert glutamate to glutamine -> release glutamine into synaptic cleft -> taken up by presynaptic terminal -> converted back to glutamate.

52
Q

What are astrocytes connected via and what can they transport?

A

Gap junctions
Ca2+

53
Q

What cells in the CNS line the brain’s ventricles and central canal of spinal cord?

A

Ependymal cells

54
Q

How can ependymal cells control fluid homeostasis?

A

They have direct contact with CSF so can transport electrolytes/solutes between CSF and brain parenchyma

55
Q

What structure offers immune privileged status to the CNS?

A

BBB

56
Q

What does the BBB consist of?

A

Astrocytes
Pericytes
Blood endothelial cells bound tightly and acting as neurovascular units

57
Q

What size particles can pass through the BBB?

A

<500 daltons in young adults
>500 daltons in old adults

58
Q

BBB dysregulation is evidenced in what conditions?

A

Alzheimers
Delirium

59
Q

What is the role of Schwann cells in the PNS?

A

Myelinate axons (spiral wrapping)
Provide substrate for axon to grow along
One Schwann cell myelinates one axon

60
Q

What cells are located exclusively in the peripheral ganglia (same site as sensory, parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia)?

A

Satellite glial cells

61
Q

What distinctive morphology do satellite glial cells have?

A

They wrap around neuronal cell bodies, in most cases forming a complete envelope.

62
Q

What are the main functions of satellite glial cells?

A

Unclear but thought to support neurons, supply nutrients + regulate the exchange of materials.

63
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS?

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

64
Q

What are the glial cells in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Microglial cells
Astrocytes
Ependymal cells

65
Q

___ cells are the most common source of tumours of the nervous system, as they are able to ___.

A

Glial
Divide

66
Q

Do glial cells have action potentials?

A

No

67
Q

Where are gliomas usually present?

A

Inside cranium - intra-axial (in brain parenchyma)

68
Q

What neural tumour is most common in children and infants?

A

Neuroblastoma

69
Q

Where are neuroblastomas usually located?

A

Outside cranium e.g. adrenal glands, abdomen, thorax, neck, spine

70
Q

What are neuroblastomas derived from?

A

Neural crest cells from sympathetic nervous system.

71
Q

Are neurons pre or post mitotic and why is this relevant?

A

Post-mitotic
Could lead to a cascade of neuronal loss which cannot be replaced.

72
Q

What is dendritic arborisation?

A

The formation of new dendritic trees and branches to create new synapses.

73
Q

What does myelin associated glycoprotein do? Is it in the CNS or PNS?

A

Facilitates interactions between the axon and myelin.
Present in both CNS and PNS.

74
Q

Astrocytes regulate neurogenesis and gliogenesis. What are they?

A

Gliogenesis - formation of glial cells
Neurogenesis - formation of neurons

75
Q

How can ependymal cells assist in the movement of CSF?

A

They have cilia, so they use this to move CSF

NSB Lectures (48 decks)

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