Cognitive neuroscience

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

change of matter
different substances change one into another
change in a way to seek balance

Question 2

Membranes

Answer 2

2 lipid layers
border between the cell and outside world
Interspersed with protein models: transport signalling

Question 3

Microtubules

Answer 3

Part of cell along which proteins can move with a different signal

Question 4

Cambrain revolution

Answer 4

Muti cell organism eruption
This point is where response to stimuli begins
Different cells start specialising

Question 5

Synaptic transmission

Answer 5

2 ways in which neurons can communicate
Gap junction
Chemical synapses (energy intensive)

Question 6

Myelin

Answer 6

Around the axon which isolates so that the action potential is jumping rather than moving continuously
Faster impulse transmission over large distances
Characteristic of vertebrae

Question 7

Cerebellum

Answer 7

Important for coordination of movement

Question 8

The 3 brains theory

Answer 8

Reptilian brain = brain stems
Limbic system
Neocortex

Question 9

Ontogeny

Answer 9

Development of a cell

Question 10

Phylogeny

Answer 10

Development of the whole organism

Question 11

Embryology

Answer 11

Development of the embryo

Question 12

Stem cells

Answer 12

A cell which can become anything

Question 13

Stem cell research

Answer 13

Take cells before they specialise and introduce them into parts of the brain and take on the normal role of that location

Question 14

Pluripotent

Answer 14

Cell than can become anting (pre specialisation)

Question 15

Sodium and potassium concentrations

Answer 15

Na is outside the cell

K inside the cell

Question 16

Which cells are more efficient out of gap junctions and chemical synapses

Answer 16

chemical

Question 17

Neurotransmitters

Answer 17

Substances that o around at the synapses and produce activation in the cell they are sent to

Question 18

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 18

Cell nucleus 
Mitochondria 
Lysosomes 
Golgi apparatus 
Chloroplasts 
Microtubules

Question 19

Advantages of chemical synapses

Answer 19

Summation
Collateral activation and inhibition
Pre synaptic: positive and negative feedback
Post synaptic: potentiation and inhibition
Modulation

Question 20

White versus grey matter

Answer 20

myeline/connections - white

nerve cells - grey

substances like glutamate are involved in direction connections between different cortical cells

Question 21

the appearance of land animals

Answer 21

Gradual move: fresh water, swamp, land

Development of organs:
swim bladder - lungs - fills - middle ears- development of 4 limbs

Question 22

Parts of the cerebellum

Answer 22

Archicerebellum
Paleocerebellum
Neocerebellum

Question 23

Mirror neurons

Answer 23

Challenging the divide between action and perception
offering explanations for complex phenomena
Typically human
Main function is imitation

Question 24

Methods of cognitive neuroscience

Answer 24

observation of brain lesions
linking the deficits to the pathology
Single cell recordings
producing deficit in animal experiments

Question 25

Franz Josef Gall and the phrenology

Answer 25

1. Human mental capacity consists of different separable unctions 2. the functions can be localised in specific parts of the brain 3. the use of a function increases the size of specific brain region 4. the growth of a brain region leads to development of detectable lumps in the skull

Question 26

Advantages of functional neuroimaging

Answer 26

in vivo study of brain function in normal controls can give us a picture of the brain in action tasks can be controlled for easy to visualise

Question 27

disadvantages of neuroimaging

Answer 27

``` indirect measure of activity activation and inhibition non ecological conditions demonstrates that part of the brain are involved but not essenetial for a function inactive baseline assumption ```

Question 28

which organelle has its own genetic material independent from that of the nucleus

Answer 28

mitochondria

Question 29

What was the main principle in the evolution of organisms

Answer 29

specialisation

Question 30

What is the main advantage of chemical synapses over gap junctions?

Answer 30

Chemical synapses allow for modulation

Question 31

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

Answer 31

gaba

Question 32

What part of the brain is not part of the motor system?

Answer 32

thalamus

Question 33

anterior

Answer 33

front

Question 34

posterior

Answer 34

back

Question 35

aphasia

Answer 35

loss of ability to speak

Question 36

dysarthria

Answer 36

slurred/ slowed speech peripheral problem in the brain language is not impaired

Question 37

wilson's disease

Answer 37

Particularly effects basal anglia genetic similar to parkinson's Automaticity of movement, particularly cell generated movement is disruption