Language

Question 1

Function of language

Answer 1

Communication, express of emotion, social interaction, play, control the environment, recording facts , expression and social identity

Question 2

Symbolic

Answer 2

An element that bears no intrinsic resemblance to its reference

Question 3

Iconic

Answer 3

An element that bears a resemblance to its reference

E.g Word icon looks a bit like a page with writing on

Question 4

What is a symbol?

Answer 4

Something that refers to something else

Question 5

What is a phoneme?

Answer 5

The smallest sound unit that distinguishes words

44 in English

Question 6

What is productivity?

Answer 6

Combining existing elects in a novel way

Question 7

What is recursion?

Answer 7

The repetition of a run or a structure in a hierarchical way
Moving words around to create a new meaning

Question 8

Linguistic competence

Answer 8

Describes linguistic knowledge including rules and structures

Question 9

What is parsing?

Answer 9

Determining the syntactic structure of a sentence
Important part of determining the meaning of an utterance
Studying ambiguous sentences can hel answer how parsing operates

Question 10

Garden path sentences

Answer 10

Provide evidence for incremental comprehension of syntactic structure. They are sentences that leads to an interpretation that seems right to start with but turns out to be wrong

Question 11

How do people make predictions?

Answer 11

Altmann and Kamine- people predict the kind of thing that will be mentioned
Prediction about conceptual category
Language comprehension may therefore involve language production

Question 12

Bottom up processing

Answer 12

Rely strictly on the input

Question 13

Top down processing

Answer 13

Uses information from higher levels when processing lower levels

Question 14

What is an inference?

Answer 14

Any piece of information that is part of our situation model that is not explicit states

Question 15

Logical inferences

Answer 15

Logically implied by meaning of words

Question 16

Bridging inferences

Answer 16

Relate new information to old information

Question 17

Elaborative inferences

Answer 17

Use word knowledge to extend what has been said

Question 18

Types of bridging inferences

Answer 18

Anaphoric/referential inference
Instrumental
Causal

inference create implicit connections that make text coherent

Question 19

Situation model

Answer 19

Mental representations of the state of affairs described as text
Not representations of the text itself
Based on our perceptual experience of the world
Situation models influence our interpretation of an unfolding sentence and our subsequent memory for it

Question 20

The iconicity assumption

Answer 20

Readers assume that described order matches the chronological order

Question 21

Semantic illusions

Answer 21

Failure to notice that the linguistic input simply doesn’t make sense
Semantic illusions provide evidence that incoming information may be interpreted incrementally but not always completely and accurately
Occur when people are exposed to them without warning

Question 22

the role of focus

Answer 22

Signals what is important in the discourse

Illusions are less likely in focused elements which are more likely to be processed deeply

Question 23

What is bilingualism?

Answer 23

The use of 2 amuses in ones everyday life

Question 24

L1

Answer 24

First language learnt

Question 25

L2

Answer 25

Second language someones learnt

Question 26

Simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 26

L1 and L2 from early childhood exposed to both languages early in an overlapping ways

Question 27

Easy sequential bilingualism

Answer 27

L1 first then L2 from early childhood

By the time reached puberty, have both in place

Question 28

Late bilingualism

Answer 28

L1 first, L2 later in life

Question 29

Aphasia

Answer 29

Language disorder due to brain damage - affects communicate on but not intellect

Question 30

Broca

Answer 30

Patient who could only say tan though etc ould understand language normally
Lesion in front and on the left side of the brain

Question 31

Wernicke

Answer 31

Patients who could speak but whose sentences didn’t make sense and who had difficulty understanding language
Lesions in temporal lobe

Question 32

Rule for a noun phrase

Answer 32

Determiner + Objective + noun

Question 33

Rule for a sentence

Answer 33

Noun phrase plus verb phrase

Question 34

What is a morpheme?

Answer 34

Smallest language unit that has a definable meaning

Question 35

Top down - word superiority effect

Answer 35

People are faster to recognise a letter when it is part of a word than a non word

Question 36

The role of context

Answer 36

Context gives a frame for understanding

Question 37

What does top down influence?

Answer 37

Have a profound influence on how we understand and encode language and so on memory

Enables incremental and anticipatory processing

Question 38

Measure of comprehension: Eye tracking during reading

Answer 38

Recording how long the eyes fixate a particular word or phrase - flow down at difficult words

Good ecological vanity but complex t set up and doesn’t distinguish between types of processing problems

Question 39

Method of comprehension: event related potentials

Answer 39

Electrical brain activity recorded with scalp electrodes

High temporal resolution
Can be informative about type of process involved

Resource intensive, not ecologically valid (have to sit really still)

Question 40

Anticipatory eye movements

Answer 40

Evidence suggests that comprehenders do anticipate upcoming input

Question 41

Define inference

Answer 41

Any piece of information that is part of our situation model that is not explicitly stated

Question 42

Semantic illusions

Answer 42

Failure to notice that the linguistic input simply doesn’t make sense

Occurs when people are exposed to them without warning

Question 43

Why might people fall prey to the Moses illusion?

Answer 43

We process the input somewhere shallowly

Question 44

Why might people sometimes misinterpret sentences such as the dog was chased by the cat?

Answer 44

This is a passive sentence

If people rely on word order under the idea the subject comes before object, they will get confused

Question 45

Situation models

Answer 45

reflect the ongoing events described in text, rather than the text itself
dynamic