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Psychology 2B > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Role of receptive fields

A

Respond to visual properties important for perceiving objects

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2
Q

Inferotemporal cortex

A

Part of the cerebral cortex in the lower portion of the temporal lobe, important for object recognition

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3
Q

What is a lesion?

A

A region of damaged brain

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4
Q

What happens when IT cortex is lesioned

A

Agnosia - failure to recognise objects in spite of the ability to se them

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5
Q

Receptive field properties of IT neurons

A

Large
Don’t respond well to spots or lines
Do respond well to stimuli such as hands, faces or objects

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6
Q

Grandmother cells

A

Could be a neuron responsible for recognising your grandmother

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7
Q

Mid level vision

A

A loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image (low level ) and before object recognition and scene understanding

Involves the perception of edges and surfaces

Determines which regions of an image should be grouped together into objects

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8
Q

Texture segmentation

A

Carving an image into regions of common texture properties

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9
Q

what does texture grouping depend on

A

the statistics of textures in one region versus another

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10
Q

Gestalt grouping rules

A

similarity - similar looking items tend to group

Promiximity - items that are near each other tend to group

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11
Q

Parallelism

A

parallel contours are likely to belong to the same group

Symmetry - symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as a group

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12
Q

Common region

A

Items will group if they appear to be part of the same larger region

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13
Q

Common fate

A

elements that move in the same direction tend to group together

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14
Q

Synchrony

A

Elements that change at the same time tend to group together

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15
Q

Camouflage

A

Animals exploit Gestalt grouping principles to group into their surroundings

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16
Q

Rapid serial visual presentation

A

An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location at a rapid rate

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17
Q

Attentional blink

A

The difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of 2 target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli

Second target is often missed if it appears within 200 to 500ms of the first target

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18
Q

Findings of Green and Bavelier (2003)

A

Reported that people who play first person shooter video games have a reduced attentional blink
Suggests that visual attention performance can be improved with practice

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19
Q

3 ways responses of a cell could be changed by attention

A

Response enhancement
Sharper tuning
Altered tuning

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20
Q

Fusiform face area

A

An area in the fusiform gyrus of human extra striate cortex that responds preferentially to faces, according to FMRI studies

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21
Q

Parahippocampal place area

A

A region of cortex in the temporal lobe of humans that appears to respond strongly to images of places

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22
Q

Visual field defect

A

A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system

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23
Q

Pariteal lobe

A

In each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies towards the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes
Damage to this lobe can cause a visual field defect such that one side of the world is not attended to

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24
Q

Neglect in visual attention

A

The inability to attend o respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field
Typically neglect of the left visual field after damage to the right

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25
Contralesional field
The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion
26
Ipsilesional field
the visual field on the same side as a brain lesion
27
Extinction in visual attention
the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation in the presence of another stimulus, typically in a comparable position in the other visual field
28
pathways to scene perception
selective pathway - permits the recognition of one or very few objects at a time Nonselective - contributes information about the distribution of features across a scene as well as information about the fist of the scene
29
ensemble statistics
the average and distribution of properties such as orientation or colour, over a set of objects or region in a scene
30
spatial layout
the description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene
31
change blindness
the failure to notice a change between 2 scenes | if the change doesn't alter the fist or meaning of the scene, quite large changes can pass unnoticed
32
inattention blindness
A failure to notice or at east to report - a stimulus that would be easily reportable if were attended
33
Definition of sound
Waves of changing pressure travelling through air
34
Features of a pure tone
An amplitude - the maximum air pressure in each cycle A frequency - the number of cycles of changing pressure per second
35
What do natural sounds consist of
Pure tones of many frequencies added together
36
What does increasing amplitude by 10 x cause loudness to increase to
approx 4 x
37
What is the role of hair cells
They are mechanocreceptors that transduce vibration of the basilar membrane and send electrical signals to the brain through the auditory nerve
38
Place coding of sound frequency in cochlea
Each part of the balsiliar membrane vibrates to a particular frequency
39
What is perception of loudness based on
The firing rate of the hair cells
40
What is the maximum range of frequencies which a person can hear
Approx 20 Hzto 20 kHz
41
What is the fundamental frequency
the lowest frequency component of the sound
42
White noise
Consists of all audible frequencies in equal amounts; used in masking
43
3 physical dimensions of sound
frequency amplitude complexity These determine what we hear (pitch, loudness and timbre)
44
What do psychoacousticians study?
How listeners perceive pitch
45
Explain the ambiguity and perceptual committees metaphor
metaphor for how perception works committees must integrate conflicting opinions and reach a consensus (many different principles in perception)
46
What is an ambiguous figure?
A visual stimulus that gives rise to 2 or more interpretations of its identity or structure
47
What is an accidental viewpoint?
Viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image
48
Gestalt figure ground assignment principles
Surroundedness size symmetry parallelism relative motion
49
Spots and bars
Retinal ganglion cells and LGN - spots Primary visual cortex - bars
50
Figure and round assignment
=Process of determining that some regions of an image belong to a foreground object and other regions are part of the background
51
Gestalt figure ground assignment principles
parallelism: regions with parallel contours tend to be seen as figure Relative motion- if one region moves in front of another, then the closer region is the figure
52
Dealing with occlusion- reliability
the degree to which 2 line segments appear to be part of the same contour
53
Non accidental figure
A feature of an object that is not dependent on the exact viewing position of the observer
54
Global and superiority effect
the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of parts of the objects
55
The Bayesian approach
A formal mathematical system that combines information about the current stimulus with prior knowledge about the world
56
Object recognition - subtraction method
comparing brain activity measured in 2 conditions: one with and one without the mental process of interest the difference between the images may show the brain regions specifically activated by that mental process
57
object recognition - decoding method
takes scans of a participant looking at many different images from various known cateofires train a computer model to recognise brain activity from each category then test the computer model to see if it can identify an untrained image based on what is has learned
58
deep neural network
a more modern version of selfirdges model | multi level neural networks that can be trained to recognise objects
59
faces
an illustrative special case | face recognition seems to be special and different from object recognition
60
prosopagnosia
an inability to recognise faces
61
template theory
the proposal that the visual system recognises objects by matching the neural representation of the image with a shred representation of the same shape in the brain
62
Structural description
A description of an object in terms of its parts and the relationship between those parts
63
The pandemonium model
Oliver self ridge's simple model of letter recognition - perceptual committee made up of demons demons loosely represent neurons

Psychology 2B (6 decks)

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