cognitive psychology

Question 1

cognition

Answer 1

the mental activities associated with the thinking, knowing, remembering, analyzing, and communication

Question 2

memory

Answer 2

persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. taking in any sensory information

Question 3

capacity of sensory memory

Answer 3

large

Question 4

duration of sensory memory

Answer 4

1/2 to 2 seconds

Question 5

self refrencing

Answer 5

we remember things when they apply to us

Question 6

rehearsal

Answer 6

learn for a show

Question 7

automatic processing

Answer 7

we process an enormous amount amount of info effortlessly such as a space time or frequency

Question 8

spacing effect

Answer 8

don’t cram your studies

Question 9

iconic

Answer 9

momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli a photographic lasting memory

Question 10

echoic sensory memory

Answer 10

momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli sounds and words can be recalled within 3-4 seconds

Question 11

capacity of short term memory

Answer 11

7 (+/-) items

Question 12

chunking memory

Answer 12

organizing into familiar management units

Question 13

the duration of STM is

Answer 13

20 seconds

Question 14

long term memory capacity

Answer 14

long lasting

Question 15

memory process

Answer 15

1) encoding- processing info into memory system
2) storage- retention of encoded material over time
3) retrieval- process of getting the info out of memory storage

Question 16

explicit memories

Answer 16

broken into groups CONSCIOUS

Question 17

episodic

Answer 17

meaningful memories

Question 18

semantic

Answer 18

factual and general knowledge

Question 19

implicit memories

Answer 19

UNCONCSIOUS

Question 20

procedural

Answer 20

doing activities w/o consciously thinking about them (ex: ride a bike)

Question 21

recall

Answer 21

you must retrieve info from your memory
(ex: fill in the blank)

Question 22

recognition

Answer 22

you must identify the target from possible targets

(ex: multiple choice)

Question 23

serial position effect

Answer 23

remembering first and last but not middle

Question 24

primary memory

Answer 24

remember 1st on list

Question 25

recency memory

Answer 25

remember last on list

Question 26

flash bulb memory

Answer 26

very clear memory of an emotionally significant movement or event

Question 27

state dependent memor

Answer 27

internal state= the same

Question 28

context effects

Answer 28

same place, do better

Question 29

mood congruence

Answer 29

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good/ bad mood

Question 30

shallow processing

Answer 30

memory with out putting meaning to it

Question 31

deep processing

Answer 31

memorizing while putting meaning to it

Question 32

results of ebbinghaus experiment

Answer 32

had ppl memorize a list of words by day 2 they still had it but with time their memories of it declined

Question 33

forgetting

Answer 33

inability to retrieve info due to poor encoding, storage, or retrieval

Question 34

memory construction

Answer 34

memories of things that happened before the age of 3 are unreliable. and memories retrieved with hypnosis or drugs aren’t reliable and can’t be useful in court

Question 35

interference theory is broken into 2 groups:

Answer 35

proactive interference and retroactive interference

Question 36

proactive interference

Answer 36

old info blocks new info

Question 37

retroactive interference

Answer 37

new info blocs out old info

Question 38

motivated forgetting as a whole

Answer 38

try to forget unwanted memories either consciously or unconsciously

Question 39

suppression

Answer 39

motivated forgetting that occurs when a person consciously tries to forget something

Question 40

repression

Answer 40

defense mechanism that banishes anxiety inducing thoughts, feelings, or memories (this is usually done unconsciously)

Question 41

misinformation effect

Answer 41

incorporation misleading info into one’s memory of an event

Question 42

source amnesia

Answer 42

attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattributed- wrong experience)

Question 43

retrograde amnesia

Answer 43

cannot remember past

Question 44

anterograde amnesia

Answer 44

cannot make new memories but can remember all past

Question 45

concept

Answer 45

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (ex: mango apple strawberry: fruit)

Question 46

prototype

Answer 46

mental image or best example of category

Question 47

algorithm

Answer 47

problem solving procedures or formulas that guaranteed a correct outcome if correctly applied

Question 48

heuristic

Answer 48

cognitive strategies used to make shortcuts to solve problems doesn’t garuntee solution

Question 49

insight

Answer 49

sudden realization of a problems solution

Question 50

confirmation bias

Answer 50

ignoring or finding fault with info that doesn’t fit your own ideas

Question 51

mental set

Answer 51

tendency to respond to a new problem in the same manner used as a previous problem

Question 52

functional fixedness

Answer 52

inability to perceive a new use for an object associated with a different purpose (ex: video w/ uses of a sock)

Question 53

overconfidence

Answer 53

tendency to be more confident in a thing you did than the actual quality of it

Question 54

framing

Answer 54

the way an issue is posed or how an issue is framed can change how one decides or judges it

Question 55

belief perseverance

Answer 55

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited

Question 56

representative bias

Answer 56

faulty heuristic strategy based on presumption that once a person or event is categorized it shares all features of other memories in its category (birds: all birds can fly)

Question 57

availability bias

Answer 57

faulty heuristic strategy that estimates probably based on info that can be recalled from personal experience