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Unit 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

first female APA president

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2
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Theory of Evolution

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3
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

Reformed treatment of mentally ill

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4
Q

G Stanley Hall

A

Founded the APA

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5
Q

william james

A

functionalism

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6
Q

ivan pavlov

A

classical conditioning

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7
Q

jean piaget

A

cognitive development

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8
Q

carl rogers

A

humanistic psychology

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9
Q

BF Skinner

A

operant conditioning

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10
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

first female to be granted psychology PhD

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11
Q

John B Watson

A

behaviorism

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12
Q

wilhelm wundt

A

father of psychology

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13
Q

sigmund freud

A

psychoanalysis

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14
Q

Psychoanalytical

A

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

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15
Q

humanistic

A

how we meet our needs for love and acceptance and we achieve self fulfillment

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16
Q

evolutionary

A

how natural selection of traits promoted the survival of genes

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17
Q

biological

A

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, sensory experiences; how genes combine. what’s happening in brain to cause problems.

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18
Q

cognitive

A

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve info thinking

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19
Q

behavioral

A

how we learn observable responses “if you want to change, YOU need to change”

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20
Q

sociocultural

A

how behaviors and thinking vary across situations and cultures

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21
Q

clinical

A

asses and treat mental, emotional, and behavior disorders. administrate and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy, and sometimes conduct basic research.

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22
Q

educational

A

studying influences on teaching and learnjng

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23
Q

industrial/ organizations

A

use psychology’s concepts and methods in the work place to help organizations and companies select and train employees, boost moral and productivity, design products, and implement systems

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24
Q

counseling

A

help people to cope with challenges and crises and to help improve their personal and social functioning

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25
developmental
study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
26
personality psychologists
investigate our persistent traits
27
social psychologists
exploring how we view and affect one another
28
psychiatrists
licensed medical professionals who can prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
29
positive psychology
the scientific study of human functioning with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
30
community psychology
a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups
31
experimental psychologists
diverse groups of scientists who investigate a variety of basic behavioral processes in humans and other animals.
32
Psychometric and quantitative psychologists
study the methods and techniques used to acquire psychological knowledge.
33
forensic psychologists
apply psychological principles to legal issues
34
neuropsychologist
investigate the relationship between neurological processes (structure and function of the nervous system) and behavior.
35
rehabilitation psychologist
are researchers and practitioners who work with people who have lost optimal functioning after an accident, illness, or other event.
36
school psychologist
are involved in the assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings.
37
sport psychologists
study the psychological factors that influence, and are influenced by, participation in sports and other physical activities
38
empiricism
the view that knowledge originates from experience and that science should rely on experimentation and observation
39
introspection
self reflection ~ through the senses you tell about it
40
what are the two academic disciplines that shaped the development of psychological thought?
philosophy and physiology
41
who wrote the 1st psych book?
william james
42
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning and outcome, that one would have foreseen it.
43
operational definition
a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study
44
what are the descriptive methods?
case study, naturalistic observation, and survey
45
what does descriptive method mean?
observe behavior in order to describe relationships among behaviors and events
46
case study is a..
technique which detailed consideration is given to a person, group, or situation over a period of time.
47
case study example
football head injury
48
naturalist observation definition
you record behaviors as they occur in their natural settings.
49
natural observations example
30 year old man who lived with frat boys to know how they lived and they all acted like angels cuz he was there
50
survey definition
self reported attitudes or behaviors of a group or person. usually by questioning a representative of random sample of a group.
51
negative correlation
the inverse
52
correlation study
a type of research design that looks at the relationships between two or more variables
53
correlational coefficient
a statistical index of the relationship between two variables
54
positive correlation
a relationship between two variables that move in tandem (aka the same direction)
55
illusory correlation
the perception of a relationship where none exists. “when we believe there is a relationship between two things, we are more likely to notice and recall instances that confirm our beliefs”
56
double-blind procedure
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies
57
random assignment
assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between the different groups.
58
control group
doesn’t receive treatment
59
experimental group
receive treatment
60
descriptive statistics
numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups
61
histogram
a bar graph
62
standard deviation
a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
63
range
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
64
normal curve
a bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of data. Most scores fall near the mean
65
inferential statistics
numerical data that allow you to generalize- or infer- from sample data the probability of something being true of a population
66
statistical significance
when sample averages are reliable and when the difference between them is relatively large
67
informed consent
an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate

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