❌Cohesion

Question 1

What is cohesion?

Answer 1

The tendency for individuals to work together to achieve their goals, the forces that keep the group members on task.

Question 2

What is co-action?

Answer 2

When others do the task at the same time but separately

Question 3

What is interaction?

Answer 3

When a group works together to produce results.

Question 4

How does cohesion vary in sport?

Answer 4

In some sports, the cohesion involves every team member working hard at the same thing - co-action.

In other sports, each players may have a different role and this role must be integrated with the roles of other team members - interaction.

Question 5

What is an example of co-action cohesion?

Answer 5

Rowing - all the crew must pull together.

Question 6

What is an example of interaction cohesion?

Answer 6

Netball

Question 7

What did Carron do?

Answer 7

Summarised the influences on the team members that will help them to work together.
Stipulated that there were 4 main influences on the team - Carron’s antecedents

Question 8

What is the definition of Carron’s antecedents?

Answer 8

The factors that might influence cohesion.

Question 9

What are Carron’s antecedents?

Answer 9

Environmental factors
Personal factors
Leadership factors
Team factors

Question 10

What are environmental factors?

Answer 10

The SIZE of the group and the TIME available.
The longer the group are together, the more time they will have to learn each other’s roles.
The size and structure of the group can effect cohesion because the larger the group, the better the chance of more productivity.

Question 11

What’s the problem with larger groups?

Answer 11

There is more chance of social loafing and the Ringlemann effect developing.
Motivation may be reduced
A mix age and gender may reduce cohesion and the desire to reach common goals.
Sub-division can form

Question 12

What are personal factors?

Answer 12

This refers to the SIMILARITY of group member in terms of their aspiration, their opinions and values, whether they are happy with the ROLE they play in the team and how FIT they are.

Question 13

What are leadership factors?

Answer 13

The leadership STYLE chosen by the coach or captain is important here, as is how the RELATIONSHIP with captain or coach with the others in the team.

Question 14

What are team factors?

Answer 14

Team success is important here and the more success is achieved and the more each team member wants to be successful, the higher cohesion will be.
The longer the team has been together, the more chance of cohesion.

Desire for success 
Team stability/status 
Team ability 
Group productivity 
Shared experience

Question 15

Explain Carron’s antecedents

Answer 15

The factors go to…
Task cohesion and social cohesion, which leads to…
Group outcomes and individual outcomes.

Question 16

What are the two types of cohesion?

Answer 16

Task cohesion

Social cohesion

Question 17

What is task cohesion?

Answer 17

Individuals working together to achieve an end result

Question 18

What is social cohesion?

Answer 18

Individuals relating to each other to interact in the group. \

Through trust, support and socialisation/friendship

Question 19

What type of cohesion is better for the team?

Answer 19

A mixture - task and social

Question 20

What are the advantages of social cohesion?

Answer 20

To be interactive and will help communication and team spirit.

Question 21

What are the disadvantages of social cohesion?

Answer 21

It might produce sub-groups, that mean some members will not co-operate or they may not contribute.

It may be that they don’t see each other outside of team activities.

Question 22

What are the advantages of task cohesion?

Answer 22

Can over-ride the problems of social cohesion
The performance and results of the team may still be good, even if players don’t socialise, but without task cohesion results would be poor.

Players may not get on socially but do when playing - same desire for success/goals.
Provides motivation in the sense that all members of the team will work hard to win the cup

Question 23

What did Steiner propose?

Answer 23

That the results of group effects could be based on an equation that sums up the influences of cohesion.

Question 24

What is the Steiner model?

Answer 24

Actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes

Question 25

What’s the thinking behind the equation?

Answer 25

Is that it’s not always the case that having the best players, produces the best results - those players have to be moulded by the coach into a cohesive unit and maintain levels of motivation.

Question 26

What is actual productivity?

Answer 26

The outcome of group performance - win, loss, draw

Question 27

What is potential productivity?

Answer 27

The best performance based on player ability and group resources.

Question 28

What is a team?

Answer 28

A group that has interaction, shared goals, an identity and communication.

Question 29

What is group potential affected by?

Answer 29

The skill level and ability of players, compared to the opponents and how difficult the task ahead may be.

Question 30

What are faulty processes

Answer 30

The things that go wrong to reduce group outcomes and prevent group potential being reached.

Question 31

What are the two types of fault processes?

Answer 31

Co-ordination problems | Motivational problems

Question 32

When do co-ordination problems occur?

Answer 32

When players in the team fail to listen to the coach’s institutions or employ the incorrect tactics.

Question 33

What are types of co-ordination problems?

Answer 33

Not listening to coach’s instructions Employ the wrong tactics Fail to communicate with each other Misunderstand their role in the team

Question 35

What’s an example of failing to communicate?

Answer 35

Two defenders in a rugby game go to tackle the same player, leaving another attacker free to receive a pass becuase they didn’t tell each other which player to defend against.

Question 36

What’s an example of misunderstanding their role?

Answer 36

A player assigned to a ‘sweeper’ role behind the defence in the hockey team keeps venturing too far up field, leaving gaps in the defence.

Question 37

What are motivational problems and how do they affect the team?

Answer 37

Can affect the team when players suffer from too much or too little arousal they lose the drive to win, with a resultant reduction in effort and concentration. Social loafing

Question 38

What is social loafing?

Answer 38

Individual loss of motivation in a team player due to lack of performance identification when individual efforts are not recognised.

Question 39

What do social loafers often do?

Answer 39

Coast through the game and even hide behind other team members who they think might cover for them. They tend to take easy options in the game and make a limited contribution to the team cause.

Question 40

What are the causes of social loafing?

Answer 40

A lack of confidence in ability Develop a negative attitude with position/role, etc. Poor leadership No incentives/reinforcement Don’t understand the role or accept it Lack fitness and not be able to maintain their role Goals set may be to general and lack meaning Goal of just winning isn’t enough - need to know their contribution Sub-groups Efforts not recognised

Question 41

What is the Ringlemann effect?

Answer 41

When group performance decreases with group size.

Question 42

What did a study find? (Ringlemann effect)

Answer 42

A study of tug of war found that individual effort within the group reduced with increasing group size. Individuals tried hard on the rope pull when their efforts were highlighted but tended to reduce their effort in a team of 8

Question 43

How can we avoid social loafing and promote cohesion?

Answer 43

Set individual goals which are more challenging Involve players in goal setting (realistic and not just on result) Give specific roles Make tactics clear Promote motivation and rewards Establish group identity Uses statistics to highlight individual performance Use team meetings to resolve conflict Open communication channels In training practice smaller sided games and vary practice Coach should make sure conditioning is up to standard so players stay fit

Question 44

What’s an example of using the wrong tactics?

Answer 44

The players may have been told to be patient in their approach to attacking situations during a hockey game and pass the ball around before looking for an opportunity. Instead, they go for more risky long passes which frequently get intercepted.