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Cold War > Cold War 1946-1955 > Flashcards

Cold War 1946-1955 Flashcards

1
Q

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR 1946 TO 1955

A

THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR 1946 TO 1955

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2
Q

USSR EXTENDING CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE

A

USSR EXTENDING CONTROL OVER EASTERN EUROPE

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3
Q

What did Stalin want to create in Eastern Europe?

A

A buffer zone

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4
Q

How did the US interpret the actions of the USSR in Eastern Europe?

A

To spread communism - rather than a desire for protection

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5
Q

What did the USSR tell foreign ministers of the Baltic States at the start of WW2?

A

That they faced an invasion unless they signed a treaty of assistance with the USSR

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6
Q

When were the Baltic States initially occupied by the Red Army?

A

June 1940

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7
Q

What % of the Baltic States voted to be incorporated into the USSR in a rigged referendum?

A

90%

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8
Q

What did many people in the Baltic States see as liberation?

A

Being invaded by the Nazis in June 1941

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9
Q

When did the Red Army reoccupy the Baltic States?

A

Summer of 1944

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10
Q

How many people in the Baltic States were deported once the Soviets took over again?

A

500,000

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11
Q

What did Stalin promise at the Tehran Conference in 1943 in regards to the Baltic States?

A

He promised a referendum would be held in the Baltic States - never happened

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12
Q

Why did the USSR see Poland as vital for the USSR post WW2?

A

Poland was needed as a buffer against Germany

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13
Q

What were the 2 rival governments in Poland?

A

London Poles and Lublin Poles (communist)

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14
Q

When were 16 representatives of the London Poles arrested by the NKVD and forced to confess to Nazi collaboration?

A

March 1945

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15
Q

Why did Stalin not hold free elections in Poland despite promising them?

A

The Polish Communist Party was unpopular

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16
Q

What % of the vote did the Polish Communist Party win in rigged elections in January 1947?

A

80%

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17
Q

How many seats did the Polish Communist party win in rigged elections in January 1947?

A

394 seats

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18
Q

What % of the vote and how many seats did the Polish Peasants Party win in rigged election in January 1947?

A

10% of the vote, 28 seats

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19
Q

What % of the vote did the Democratic Front win in rigged Romanian elections in November 1946?

A

70%

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20
Q

When was Romanian King Michael forced to abdicate?

A

December 1947

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21
Q

What did Romania become after the abdication of King Michael?

A

A pro-Soviet people’s republic, one-party state

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22
Q

What coalition government was set up in Bulgaria in 1945?

A

The Fatherland Front

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23
Q

What did the Bulgarian Fatherland Front consist of?

A

Communists and non-communists

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24
Q

Who controlled the Bulgarian Ministries of the Interior and Justice in the Fatherland Front?

A

The communists

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25
Q

What did Stalin do once the Bulgarian non-communists demanded that the power of the Ministries of the Interior and Justice be shared?

A

The army was purged of non-communists and a rigged referendum was held which meant Bulgaria became a republic, monarchy was abolished

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26
Q

When were the Bulgarian opposition party leaders executed?

A

September 1947

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27
Q

Why was Stalin more cautious in his approach towards Hungary?

A

He agreed to split Hungary 50/50 with Churchill

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28
Q

What was set up in Hungary in 1945?

A

A genuine coalition government

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29
Q

What was the only government department in Hungary that the communists had control of in the coalition?

A

Ministries of Trade and Agriculture

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30
Q

What % of the vote did the Hungarian communists win in November 1945?

A

17%

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31
Q

What % of the vote did the Smallholders party win in Hungary in November 1945?

A

57%

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32
Q

What was communist Imre Nagy appointed as in the Hungarian coalition?

A

Minister of the Interior

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33
Q

Why did the Prime Minister of Hungary and leader of the Smallholders party resign?

A

His son was kidnapped

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34
Q

When were Hungarian elections rigged to ensure a communist victory?

A

August 1947

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35
Q

When did the communists take complete control of the Hungarian government?

A

1948

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36
Q

What % of the vote did the communist party win in free elections in Czechoslovakia in May 1946?

A

38% - largest share

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37
Q

ACTIONS OF THE WEST

A

ACTIONS OF THE WEST

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38
Q

What did Churchill state about Eastern European countries in his iron curtain speech?

A

That they had been placed under totalitarian rule and were controlled by Moscow

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39
Q

Who heavily influenced Harry Truman’s foreign policy?

A

George Kennan, a diplomat based in Moscow

40
Q

When was George Kennan’s ‘Long Telegram’?

A

22nd February 1946

41
Q

What 2 things did George Kennan claim about the USSR in his ‘Long Telegram’?

A
  • USSR was inherently expansionist
  • USSR saw the West as an enemy
42
Q

When did Clement Attlee tell Truman that British aid to Greece and Turkey would stop?

A

21st February 1947

43
Q

When did Truman give a speech announcing the Truman Doctrine?

A

12th March 1947

44
Q

What is a quote from Truman’s speech?

A

He promised to support ‘free peoples everywhere who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures’

45
Q

How much did Truman give Greece to defeat ELAS (communist) in the Greek Civil War?

A

$300 million

46
Q

How much money overall was in the Truman Doctrine?

A

$400 million

47
Q

What % of the vote did the Italian communists win in 1946?

A

28%

48
Q

What % of the vote did the French communists win in 1948?

A

31%

49
Q

Who was the Marshall Plan named after?

A

US Secretary of State George C. Marshall

50
Q

When did Truman sign the Marshall Plan into law?

A

3rd April 1948

51
Q

How much did European countries ask for in the Marshall Plan?

A

$29 billion

52
Q

How much did European countries receive in the Marshall Plan?

A

$17 billion

53
Q

How much did France receive in Marshall Aid?

A

$2.7 billion

54
Q

How much did Italy receive in Marshall Aid?

A

$1.5 billion

55
Q

How much did West Germany receive in Marshall Aid?

A

$1.4 billion

56
Q

How much did Yugoslavia receive in Marshall Aid?

A

$109 million

57
Q

What did Stalin refuse his satellite states to receive?

A

Marshall Aid

58
Q

What did the Soviets portray the Marshall Plan as?

A

Dollar imperialism

59
Q

What prompted Congress to pass the Economic Cooperation Act? (Marshall Plan)

A

Jan Masaryk was murdered in March 1948

60
Q

What was Comecon?

A

The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

61
Q

What was Comecon founded as an alternative to?

A

Dollar imperialism

62
Q

ISSUES OVER GERMANY

A

ISSUES OVER GERMANY

63
Q

What were the top 2 similar ambitions of the allies in regards to Germany?

A

Demilitarisation and denazification

64
Q

When did the US and UK merge their German zones to form Bizonia?

A

January 1947

65
Q

What did Stalin envisage Germany to be?

A

Weak, united and neutral

66
Q

When was the Deutschmark launched in the Western zones?

A

20th June 1948

67
Q

When did the Berlin Blockade start?

A

23rd June 1948

68
Q

What was Stalin’s main aim with the Berlin Blockade?

A

To force the Western powers out of Berlin

69
Q

What had West Berlin become by the time of the blockade?

A

A symbol of freedom against Soviet tyranny

70
Q

When did the Berlin airlift begin?

A

26th June 1948

71
Q

How often did a plane land in West Berlin during the airlift?

A

Every 90 seconds

72
Q

How many tonnes of supplies were brought into West Berlin every day during the airlift?

A

4500 tonnes every day

73
Q

When was Nato formed?

A

4th April 1949

74
Q

When was there a plane crash over Berlin?

A

6th April 1949

75
Q

When did the Soviets lift their blockade of Berlin?

A

11th May 1949

76
Q

How many people was Stalin willing to starve in his decision to blockade West Berlin?

A

2 million

77
Q

What did France agree to do once the blockade was lifted?

A

Merge their German zone with Bizonia

78
Q

When was the FRG created?

A

21st September 1949

79
Q

Who was elected as the first FRG Chancellor in September 1949?

A

Konrad Adenauer

80
Q

When was the GDR created?

A

7th October 1949

81
Q

Who was appointed as the first secretary of the GDR?

A

Walter Ulbricht

82
Q

How much did the USSR take in reparations from their zone by 1952?

A

$3.7 billion

83
Q

When did General Clay announce that the US wouldn’t collect reparations until there was a 4-zone economic plan for Germany?

A

May 1946

84
Q

When did US Secretary of State Byrnes tell Molotov that the US wouldn’t collect reparations until Germany had a trade surplus?

A

July 1947

85
Q

How much had Molotov demanded the US collect in reparations in July 1947?

A

$10 billion

86
Q

When was the 2nd London Conference?

A

February to June 1948

87
Q

What did the USSR say to the UK and US at the 1st London Conference?

A

That they were betraying Potsdam agreements

88
Q

WHY WAS NATO CREATED IN 1949?

A

WHY WAS NATO CREATED IN 1949?

89
Q

When did Washington start to see Czechoslovakia in the Soviet sphere of influence?

A

When Stalin didn’t allow them to accept Marshall Aid

90
Q

What was the US response to Czechoslovakia appealed for aid?

A

That they would only help if Czechoslovakia received Marshall Aid

91
Q

What did Czech Foreign Trade Minister Ripka say after the USSR gave them 600,000 tonnes of grain?

A

‘Those idiots in Washington have driven us straight into the Stalinist camp’

92
Q

What happened after several parties resigned after being given grain by the USSR?

A

The communists convinced Benes to allow them to form a government - controlled the police

93
Q

When was Jan Masaryk pushed out of a window?

A

10th March 1948

94
Q

Who replaced Benes after his death in June 1948?

A

Communist leader Klement Gottwald

95
Q

When was the North Atlantic Treaty signed?

A

4th April 1949

96
Q

How many signed the NATO treaty?

A

12

97
Q

What was signed in 1955 as a military pact by Eastern European countries?

A

The Warsaw Pact

Cold War (26 decks)

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