Colorectal Surgery Flashcards
(18 cards)
what are the symptoms of colorectal cancer?
- more frequent diarrhea or constipation
- rectal bleeding or blood in the stool
- ongoing discomfort in the belly area
- feeling that the bowel does not empty all the way during a bowel movement
- weakness or tiredness
- unintentional weight loss
what cause some causes and risks of colorectal cancer?
- IBD
- familial adenomatous polyposis
- lynch syndrome
- diabetes
- exposure to tobacco and alcohol
- radiation therapy for abdominal cancer
what are some tests used for diagnosis of colorectal cancer?
- colonoscopy and biopsies
- blood tests
what are some methods of treatment for colorectal cancer?
- polypectomy
- endoscopic mucosal resection
- laparoscopic surgery
- partial colectomy
- lymph node removal
- ostomy
- chemotherapy
- radiation therapy
- immunotherapy
- targeted therapy
what are the symptoms of an internal haemorrhoid?
- painless bleeding during bowel movements
- prolapsed or protruding haemorrhoid, resulting in pain and irritation
what are the symptoms of an external haemorrhoid?
- itching or irritation in the anal region
- pain or discomfort
- swelling around the anus
- bleeding
what are some possible causes of haemorrhoids?
- straining during bowel movements
- sitting for long periods of time
- chronic diarrhea or constipation
- anal intercourse
- regularly lifting heavy items
what are some complications of haemorrhoids?
- anemia
- strangulated haemorrhoids
- blood clot forming inside a haemorrhoid
what are some tests used to diagnose haemorrhoids?
- digital examination
- visual inspection with an anoscope
what are some treatments for haemorrhoids?
- high fibre diet
- sitz bath
- pain relievers
- external haemorrhoid thrombectomy
- rubber band ligation
- sclerotherapy
- coagulation techniques
- haemorrhoidectomy
- haemorrhoid stapling
what are some symptoms of diverticulitis?
- severe abdominal pain
- distended abdomen
- fever
- nausea and vomiting
- rectal bleeding
- constipation
what are some causes of diverticulitis?
- overuse of NSAIDs
- pressure in the colon from spasms or straining
- diet low in fibre and high in red meat
- alcohol and tobacco usage
- low vitamin D levels
what are some complications that may arise from diverticulitis?
- abscess formation
- blockage of the colon
- fistula
- GI perforation
- diverticular haemorrhage
what are some tests that are used to diagnose diverticulitis?
- blood test
- stool or urine test
- CT scan
- colonoscopy
what are some treatments that are used to treat diverticulitis?
- liquid diet
- antibiotics
- IV medication and fluids
- blood transfusion
- endoscopic treatments
- colectomy
- colostomy
what are the different types of colostomy?
- sigmoid colostomy is located at the last section of the colon before the rectum. stool here is firmer and more formed
- descending colostomy is located at the left side of the belly. Stool is fairly firm here.
- transverse colostomy is located at the upper part of the belly. Stool is less formed and softer here
- ascending colostomy is located in the first section of the colon. Stool is liquid or semiliquid here.
what are some conditionsthat may require a colostomy?
- diverticulitis
- IBD
- trauma to the colon
- obstruction in the colon
- anal fistula
- partial colectomies
- incurable fecal incontinence
- advanced colorectal cancer
- permanent removal of the rectum or anus
what are some risks and possible complications of a colostomy?
- bleeding
- infection
- reactions to anesthesia
- injury to nearby organs
- skin irritation
- bowel obstruction
- stoma retraction
- parastomal hernia
