COM 1 Anatomy week 5

Question 1

What does the ANS and endocrine system maintain

Answer 1

• Internal body environemnt

Question 2

What is the characteristics of ANS system

Answer 2

• Fast, precise

Question 3

What is the charcteristics of endocrine system

Answer 3

Slower , widespread

Question 4

What does the ANS include

Answer 4

• Afferent neurons
  -Connector neurons
  -Efferent neurons

Question 5

What are efferent pathways divided into

Answer 5

• Preganglionic neurons
  -Postganglionic neurons

Question 6

Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons found

Answer 6

• Lateral gray column of the spinal cord and motor nuclei

Question 7

Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic neurons found

Answer 7

• Oustide the CNS

Question 8

What is Horner syndrome

Answer 8

• Enlarged deep cervical lymph node due to bronchial carcinoma metastasis

Question 9

What are signs of Horner syndrome

Answer 9

• Eye and facial changes

Question 10

What do visceral receptors include

Answer 10

-Chemoreceptors
-Baroreceptors
-Osmoreceptors
-Pain receptors

Question 11

Where do autonomic plexuses exist

Answer 11

In thorax, abdomen, and pelvis

Question 12

What does the Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems differ in?

Answer 12

• Anatomy
  neurotransmitters
  -Physiological effect

Question 13

Why is parasympathetic and sympathetic system considered as physiological antagonists

Answer 13

• As they rpoduce opposite effects in most organs

Question 14

Which component is the largest in the ANS + more widely distrubuted

Answer 14

SYMPATHETICS

Question 15

What does the sympatehtic system innervate

Answer 15

• Heart and lungs
  -Blood vessels
  -Hair follicles
  -Sweat glands

Question 16

What is the function of the sympathetic system

Answer 16

• Increases heart rate
  -Stimulates sweating
  -Dilates pupils

Question 17

Explain the beginning of the pathway of Preganglionic fibers

Answer 17

Preganglionic myelinated axons exit via anterior nerve roots, pass through white rami communicantes to the sympathetic trunk ganglia.

Question 18

Explain the first way preganglionic fibers are distrubuted once they reach the ganglia in Sympathetic trunk

-excitor neuronn

Answer 18

• They synapse with an excitor neuron in the gnaglion, bridged by the neurotransmitter ACh
  -Then the Postganglionic unmyelinated axons exit via gray rami communicantes
  -They are then distrubuted to smooth muscles, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles

Question 19

Explain the second way preganglionic fibers are distrubuted once they reach the ganglia in Sympathetic trunk

Answer 19

• They travel in the sympathetic trunk to synapse in ganglia in the cervical region
  -The fibers then join the cervical spinal nerves
  -Then many of the fibers synapse in ganglia in the lower lumbar and sacral region and pass via gray communicantes to join the lumbar,sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves

Question 20

Explain the third way preganglionic fibers are distrubted once the reach the sympathetic trunk

Answer 20

They pass through the ganglia of they sympathetic trunk without synapsing and leave the sympathetic trunk as the :
-Greater splanchnic
-lesser splanchnic
-lowest /least splanchnic nerves

Question 21

What is the greater splanchnic nerve formed by + what does it synapse with

Answer 21

• Th5- Th9
  -Synapse with excitor cells in the ganglia of the :
  -celiac plexus, renal plexus, supra renal

Question 22

What is the lesser spanchnic formed by + what does it joint with

Answer 22

• Th 10 and Th 11
  -Joins excitor cells in ganglia in the lower pat of the celiac plexus

Question 23

What is the lowest splanchnic nerve formed by+ what does it synapse with

Answer 23

Th12
- Synapses with excitor neurons in the ganglia of the renal plexus

Question 24

What do medullary cells act like + what do they secret in sympathetic path

Answer 24

• modified sympathetic neurons, secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 25

What is the ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibers and what does this allow in sympathetic path

Answer 25

1pre: 10 post ganglionic fibers -Allows widespread influence

Question 26

Explain how afferent(sesniry) fibers travel in sympathetic part

Answer 26

-Travel from the viscera through sympathetic gnaglia without synapsing -Enter spinal cord via white rami , rwch the posterior root ganglia -Then may be paet of the reflex arc or send signals to higher centers like hypothalamu

Question 27

What are sympathetic trunks

Answer 27

2 NERVE trunks that extend the whole length of the vertebral column

Question 28

Explain the ganglia distrubution in the vertebral column in realtion to the sympathetic trunk

Answer 28

-Neck- trunk had 3 ganglia -Thorax - 11 or 12 ganglia Lumbar region- 4 or 5 ganglia -Pelvis- 4 or 5 ganglia

Question 29

What are the functions of the parasympathetic system

Answer 29

- Conserves and restores enrgy -Slows heart rate -Constricts pupils -Contracts bladder wall

Question 30

Where are the connector cells in the parasympathetic part located

Answer 30

- Brainstem -Sacral spinal cord

Question 31

What is brainstem nuclei involved in, in the parasympathetic pathway

Answer 31

-Oculomotor -Facial -Glossopharyngeal -Vagus (dorsal nucleus)

Question 32

Explain the characteristics of the axons in the parasympathetic part

Answer 32

Myelinated and preganglionic

Question 32

In the parasympathetic part, what do the sacral nerves form

Answer 32

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 33

What is the preganglionic to postganglionic ratio in the parasympathetic part

Answer 33

1: 3

Question 34

Explain the pathway in the afferent sensory pathway in the parasympathetic part

Answer 34

- Myelinated fibers from viscera go to the cell bodies in the posterior root ganglia - Enter the CNS, contribute to : -Local reflex arcs -Higher centers