Biochemistry

Question 1

Name the 3 things required for Fatty Acid synthesis

Answer 1

-Fatty Acid synthase
-NADPH
-Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase`

Question 2

What is the first step of fatt acid synthesis

Answer 2

-Citrate shuttle

Question 3

What is the function of AcetylcoA carboxylase+ what does it reuqire

Answer 3

Converts acetyl coA to malnoyl coA
-Requires biotin

Question 4

Where is NADPH sourced from

Answer 4

Pentose posphate Pathway

Question 5

What is the 2 primary sites for lipid synthesis

Answer 5

-Liver and Adipose tissue

Question 6

What is anither site of fatty acid synthesis which is not as common

Answer 6

-Lactating mammary glands

Question 7

What does citrate shuttle produce

Answer 7

MalonylcoA

Question 8

What is Acetyl coA carboxylase regulated by

Answer 8

• Activated:
  -Insulin, citrate,High carbohydrate intake
  Inhibited by:
• Glucagon
  -Epinephrine
  -AMPK

Question 9

Name the 2 components of ATP synthase

Answer 9

• Cystein residue with a thiol group(SH)
  -ACP( acyl carrier protein) which has VB5 derived component(phosphopantotheine)+ thiol grp

Question 10

Where does elongation occur

Answer 10

• SER
  -Mitochondria

Question 11

What is desaturation in fatty acids

Answer 11

When a double bond is introduced in the fatty acids, becomes unsaturaed

Question 12

What is hydroxylation in fatty acids

Answer 12

• When hydorxyl groups are added to fatty acids

Question 13

Explain the how fatty acids are esterified into TAGs

Answer 13

• Fatty acids are combined with glycerol

Question 14

Explain how fatty acids are esterifed into cholestryl ester

Answer 14

• Fatty acids are combined with cholesterol

Question 15

What is the stucture of mitochondria

Answer 15

• outer membrane
  -Inner membrane that is folded into crista, increases SA for respiration
  -Matrix: Contains enzymes and mtDNA

Question 16

What are desaturases

Answer 16

Enzymes that add double bonds to fatty acid chains

Question 17

Which carbon can double bonds not be added beyond in humans

Answer 17

Carbon 9

Question 18

Which Carbons is the first double bond introduced during destauration

Answer 18

Carbon 9 and 10

Question 19

Where does desaturation take place

Answer 19

• Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 20

What is Hypertrigylceridemia

Answer 20

• Elevated plasma triglycerides

Question 21

What causes hypertrigylceridemia

Answer 21

-Insulin resistance
-Alchohol consumption
-Pregnancy

Question 22

What can hypertriglyceridemia lead to in severe cases

Answer 22

-Cardiovascular disease
-Pancreatitis

Question 23

Name the 2 types of Fatty Liver

Answer 23

• Alchoholic fatty liver disease
  -Nonalchoholic fatty liver disease

Question 24

What are risk factors of Non alchoholic fatty liver disease

Answer 24

Obesity
Diabetes

Question 25

What deficiences is Fat Malabsorption caused by

Answer 25

Deficiency of vitamins A,D,E,K and fatty acids

Question 26

What are the causes of fat malabsoprtion

Answer 26

- Inflammatory bowl disease -Bacterial infection -Short bowel syndrome

Question 27

What can fat malabosption lead to

Answer 27

fatty stools(steatorrhea)

Question 28

What is abetalupoproteinemia

Answer 28

Absences of lipoprotein particles that carry apolipoprotein B48 or B100

Question 29

What is hypobetalipoproteinemia

Answer 29

A less severe form between normal and abetalipoproteinemia

Question 30

What is symptopms of abetalipoproteinemia and hypobetalipoproeteinemia

Answer 30

- Malnutriton - Lordosis

Question 31

What causes abetalipoproteinemia

Answer 31

- Deficiency of the gene MTP

Question 32

What causes hypobetalipoproteinemia

Answer 32

- APOB gene mutatiosn which leads to defective apoliprotein B

Question 33

Explain the structure of fatty acids

Answer 33

- Have a hydrophillic - COOH grp and a long hydorcarbon chain which is hydrophobic

Question 34

Name the roles of fatty acids

Answer 34

- Energy storage -Insulation - Used for synthesizig phospholipds, triglycerides

Question 35

Why are fatty acids amphipathic

Answer 35

They have a water loving and water hating end

Question 36

Explain the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 36

- Saturated have single carbon bonds -Unsaturated have double carbon bonds

Question 37

Name the names of fatty acids that unstaurated fatty acids can be divided into

Answer 37

- MUFA( monosaturated fatty acids) - PUFA(Polyunsaturated fatty acids)

Question 38

What is MUFA

Answer 38

monosaturated fatty acids which have one double bond

Question 39

What is PUFA

Answer 39

- Polyunsaturated fatty acids which 2 or more double bonds

Question 40

Give an example of a monosaturated fatty acid

Answer 40

- Oleic acid

Question 41

Explain the strycture of cis fatty acids

Answer 41

- Kinked and bend structure

Question 42

Explian the structure of trans fatty acids

Answer 42

- Staight structure

Question 43

What is the effects of adding double bonds to fatty acids

Answer 43

- Decreases the melting point of a fatty acid

Question 44

What is the effect of increasing the chain length on fatty acids

Answer 44

- It increases the meltimg temp of fatty acids- therfore mre energy is required to melt it

Question 45

What is the difference between membrane lipids and storage lipids

Answer 45

- They are more unsaturated than storage lipids

Question 46

Name the 2 essential fatty acids

Answer 46

- Linoleic acid - a-linolenic acid

Question 47

Where is saturated fats normally found

Answer 47

- Meats, butter

Question 48

Where are unsaturated fats found

Answer 48

- Vegetable oils